Archaeometallographic data suggest that there were two technological models in Eastern Europe as early as the Bronze Age–Early Iron Age transition period (9th–7th centuries BC). We link their development to two routes via which knowledge of use of ferrous metals diffused from Anatolia. The first route reached the North Caucasus, the second route passed through Greece and the Balkans to Central and Eastern Europe. and Archeometalografická data naznačují, že již v přechodu mezi dobou bronzovou a ranou dobou železnou (9.–7. stol. př. n. l.) existovaly ve východní Evropě dva technologické modely zpracování železa. Jejich rozvoj spojujeme se dvěma trasami, kterými se znalosti užívání železných kovů z Anatolie rozšířily. První trasa překročila Zakavkazsko, druhá trasa vedla přes Řecko a Balkán do střední a východní Evropy.
Bilingualism has been associated with changes in our language-related and domain-general cognition. However, it remains controversial whether bilingualism-related cognitive effects are robust and stable. Also, it is still unclear which aspects of bilingual experiences affect the plasticity of cognitive processes. This article offers a selective overview of the literature on bilingualism and cognition. We discuss results from studies which investigated the sources of cognitive plasticity in bilinguals, using prominent bilingual factors. We argue that, at least in part, the field deals with the controversies by viewing bilingualism through the perspective of usage-based (or experience-based) approaches, although such a link is not always made explicitly. Viewing bilingual variables as indicators of language use and engagement with both languages might offer promising ways forward while allowing for comparisons of existing studies on bilingualism with more recent ones, which build on the usage-based perspective more explicitly. and Bilingvismus je spojován se změnami v kognitivních procesech, a to jak v procesech zodpovědných za jazykové zpracování, tak v doménově obecné kognici. Zůstává však předmětem diskuse, jak silné a stabilní účinky bilingvismu na kognici jsou. Rovněž zůstává nejasné, jaké aspekty bilingvismu jsou primárním zdrojem plasticity kognitivních procesů. Tento článek nabízí výběrový přehled literatury o bilingvismu a kognici a rozebírá existující studie zkoumající zdroje kognitivní plasticity u bilingvních mluvčích z pohledu usage-based přístupů. Zaměřujeme se na roli prominentních bilingvních faktorů, jakými jsou úroveň znalosti jazyka, věk osvojování jazyka, míra střídání kódů, ale také proporcionalita používání jazyků. Tvrdíme, že literatura o vlivu dvojjazyčnosti na kognici se z části vypořádává s kontroverzemi tím, že nahlíží na bilingvismus perspektivou usage-based přístupů, i když spojení s tímto vědeckým rámcem není vždy výslovně zmiňováno. Zasazení bilingvních faktorů do kontextu usage-based přístupů může nabídnout slibné cesty vpřed a zároveň umožnit srovnání stávajících studií o bilingvismu s novějšími studiemi, které jsou ukotveny v usage-based perspektivě explicitněji.
This paper analyses two lists of errors in the Waldesian cult, as contained in manuscripts I F 230 (from 1399, and its twin manuscript Mil II 58), as well as I F 707 (from the early 15th century). The list in manuscript I F 230 was compiled earlier, whereas the one from manuscript I F 707 is identical with the list included in manuscript No. 229 from the library in Pelplin. The comparison of the anti-heretic lists of errors from manuscripts I F 230 and I F 707, as well as the analysis of their contents, reveals similarities and leads to a conclusion that they both refer to writings by inquisitor Petrus Zwicker, while the list in I F 230 could have been even authored by him.
The Fibonacci Cube is an interconnection network that gets many desirable properties that are very important in the network design, network stability and applications. The extended Fibonacci Cube is a new network topology. The vulnerability value of a communication network shows the resistance of the network after the disruption of some centres or connection lines until the communication breakdown. In a network, as the number of centres belonging to sub networks changes, the vulnerability of the network also changes and requires greater degrees of stability or less vulnerability. If the communication network is modelled by graph G, the deterministic measures tend to provide a worst-case analysis of some aspects of overall disconnection process. Many graph theoretical parameters have been used in the past to describe the stability of communication networks. There are few parameters such as integrity, neighbour-integrity and tenacity number giving the vulnerability. Also, in the neighbour-integrity, if a station is destroyed, the adjacent stations will be betrayed so that the betrayed stations become useless to network as a whole.
In this paper we study the stability of the Extended Fibonacci Cube using the integrity and neighbour-integrity. We compared the obtained results with the results of the other network topologies. We saw that, for two graphs G1 and G2 that have same number of vertices if k(G1) > k(G2), then I(G1) > I(G2) and NI(G1)< NI(G2).
That early Buddhists were acquainted with the Homeric Hymns is vehemently suspected. That Homer’s epics were used by them has not been suspected. Buddhists of perhaps the third to fourth centuries clearly used two episodes, the Pyre of Patroclus and Odysseus’ Bow. Adaptations and variations lead to a suspicion that the stories, admired by Buddhist authors, were worked over more than once. That the Greek text of the original epics was used at that relatively late period has not been established.
Morphological examination of novel specimens of paruterinid cestodes from passerine birds from Brazil and Chile and of museum specimens from Paraguay revealed two new species: Anonchotaenia prolixa sp. n. from Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr from Chile, and Anonchotaenia vaslata sp. n. from Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieillot) (type host) and Myiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller) from Paraguay. The generic diagnosis of Anonchotaenia Conn, 1900 is amended, prompted by the presence of the armed cirrus and the elongated cirrus sac of A. prolixa. Two species were redescribed: Anonchotaenia brasiliensis Fuhrmann, 1908 from Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot) and Thraupis cyanoptera (Vieillot) (new host records) from Brazil, and Thraupis sayaca (Linnaeus) and Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus) from Paraguay (new host and geographic records); and Anonchotaenia macrocephala Fuhrmann, 1908 from Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot) (new host record) from Brazil, Tachycineta meyeni (Cabanis) from Chile (new host and geographic record) and Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot) from Paraguay (new host and geographic record). Scanning electron microscopy of A. brasiliensis and A. macrocephala revealed less microthrix variation than has been reported for other cyclophyllidean taxa. Sequence data were generated for nuclear ssr- and lsr-DNA and mitochondrial rrnL and cox1 for A. prolixa, A. brasiliensis, and A. macrocephala. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses supported each species as distinct, but revealed cryptic diversity among A. brasiliensis specimens from different host families. New host records of A. brasiliensis and A. macrocephala prompted a formal assessment of host specificity. Anonchotaenia prolixa was found to be oioxenous (HSS = 0), A. vaslata and A. macrocephala were found to be metastenoxenous (HSS = 3.000 and 3.302, respectively), whereas A. brasiliensis was found to be euryxenous (HSS = 5.876). Anonchotaenia brasiliensis has been found parasitising several species of different passerine families that participate in mixed-species foraging flocks in the Atlantic Forest. A diversity of species of other families join these flocks and are among the substantial number of South American passerine species yet to be examined for cestodes.
Two new species of the feather mite family Pteronyssidae Oudemans, 1941 are described from the white-barred piculet, Picumnus cirratus Temminck from Brazil: Pterotrogus picumni sp. n. and Ramphastobius scutatus sp. n., representing the first mites described from this host. Pterotrogus picumni sp. n. can be readily distinguished from all previous species of the simplex group by having dorsal crest on femora I and II in both sexes. This is the first representative of the genus Pterotrogus Gaud, 1981 recorded on a host of the genus Picumnus Temminck. Ramphastobius scutatus sp. n. is unique among species of the genus by having in both sexes the prodorsal and scapular shields fused into a single propodonotal shield covering all prodorsum. An updated key to known species of the genus Ramphastobius Gaud, 1981 is presented.
The examination of the type series of Ophiotaenia gallardi (Johnston, 1911) (syn. Proteocephalus gallardi Johnston, 1911) revealed that it is a mixture of two species of different genera. Lectotype of Ophiotaenia gallardi is designated and the species is redescribed on the basis of it, conspecific paralectotypes and additional materials. The remaining part of the type series belongs to Vandiermenia gen. n. (Acanthotaeniinae), with V. beveridgei sp. n. as the type- and only species. The new genus differs from all other acanthotaeniine genera, i.e. Rostellotaenia Freze, 1963, Acanthotaenia von Linstow, 1903 and Kapsulotaenia Freze, 1963, by the presence of cortical uterine stem and paramuscular vitelline follicles, particular structure of the internal longitudinal musculature (absent laterally and more developed than in the three above-mentioned genera) and testes limited in two fields separated medially. Type series of Ophiotaenia mjobergi (Nybelin, 1917) (syn. Crepidobothrium mjobergi Nybelin, 1917), O. amphiboluri (Nybelin, 1917) (syn. Crepidobothrium amphiboluri Nybelin, 1917), O. striata (Johnston, 1914) (syn. Acanthotaenia striata Johnston, 1914) and O. longmani Johnston, 1916 are revised and compared with Ophiotaenia gallardi. Australotaenia hylae (Johnston, 1912) comb. n. is proposed for Ophiotaenia hylae Johnston, 1912. Australotaenia gen. n. differs from the remaining genera of the subfamily Acanthotaeniinae by (1) the Type 2 of the formation of the uterus (sensu de Chambrier et al. 2004) (all the other acanthotaeniines have the Type 1 of uterine development), (2) the cortical position of the uterine stem (all the other genera have medullary uterine stem) and (3) the morphology of the internal longitudinal musculature, which is composed of few well-developed bundles of fibres (in contrast to the other genera). The new genus also differs from Vandiermenia by eggs not in clusters, the presence of two testicular fields (versus one in Vandiermenia) and the structure of the longitudinal internal musculature with only 8-10 bundles (versus formed by numerous bundles and with the presence of secondary muscles in Vandiermenia). Ophiotaenia sp. sensu de Chambrier (2004), a parasite of Litoria moorei, is described as Australotaenia grobeli sp. n., which can be distinguished from Australotaenia hylae by the smaller number of testes (46-76 versus 74-106), greater cirrus-sac length/width of proglottis ratio (27-33% versus 17-19%) and the smaller ovary width / proglottis width ratio (55-63% versus 68-71%).
Two new gonad-infecting species of Philometra Costa, 1845 (Philometridae), P. brevicollis sp. n. and P. mira sp. n., are described from the ovary of the brownstripe red snapper, Lutjanus vitta (Quoy et Gaimard) (Lutjanidae, Perciformes), from the South Pacific Ocean off the coast of New Caledonia. Based on light and scanning electron microscopy examination, these new nematodes are compared with all other gonad-infecting species of Philometra. The former species (males and mature and gravid females available) mainly differs from its congeners in the length of males (5.39-5.92 mm), equally long spicules (279-312 µm), and the gubernaculum (151-168 µm), in that the distal end of the gubernaculum bears dorsolateral transverse lamella-like structures, and in the structure of the male caudal end. The latter species (only males available) is characterized by the length of males (3.47-3.66 mm), equally long spicules (96-105 µm), and the gubernaculum (78-84 µm), the absence of a dorsal reflected barb or lamella-like structures on the distal end of gubernaculum, and by the structure of the male caudal end. Judging from the occurrence in the host, P. brevicollis is the main philometrid parasitizing the gonads of L. vitta, in which it can reproduce, whereas this fish probably serves as only the paradefinitive host for P. mira. Both P. brevicollis and P. mira are the first nominal species of Philometra described from fishes of the family Lutjanidae.