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93. Masaryk, Štefánik, Beneš - Vánoce 1918

Creator:
Josef Harna
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Dějiny Česka a Slovenska, Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 1850-1937, Beneš, Edvard, 1884-1948, Štefánik, Milan Rastislav, 1880-1919, 1918, politické dějiny, osobnosti, Vánoce, political history, celebrities, Christmas, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
Almost any Czech you ask about the most significant years containing "eight" in Czech history would be able to name at least three: 1918, 1938 and 1968. It is indisputable that all of these historic milestones were of great importance to the fate of out nation. The last three articles are thematically focused on the politics of our statesmen Masaryk, Beneš or Štefánik during the Christmas. and Josef Harna.
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94. Maurus Joseph Haberhauer a Pavel Josef Marek: řádoví skladatelé druhé poloviny 18. století

Creator:
Veselá, Irena
Format:
print, text, regular print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Haberhauer, Maurus, 1746-1799, Marek, Pavel Josef, 1748-1806, 18. století, benediktini, augustiniáni, hudba, klasicismus (hudba), Benedictines, Augustinians, music, classicism (music), Morava (Česko), Moravia (Czechia), 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The second half of the 18th century marked an extraordinary flowering of music, especially church music in the Czech lands. Monastic churches, in particular, were characterised by a high level of music production performed by choral scholars whose liturgical music was conducted by chosen monks. Some members of religious orders also composed. These were for example M. J. Haberhauer (1746-1799), a member of the Benedictine order situated in Rajhrad near Brno and P. J. Marek (1748-1806) who belonged to the Augustinian monastery in Brno. Both of them got a musical education as choral scholars and remained musically active also after entering orders. Eventually these two authors both performed as chorregents in the 70’s and early 80’s of the 18th century and they collected sacred and secular pieces of music of their more famous and popular contemporaries (C. Ditters, F. X. Brixi, Haydn, etc.). Apart from a few exceptions they were only composing liturgical works. Haberhauer bequeathed 90 compositions, most of whom composed of Mass for choir and solo accompanied with instrumental ensemble as well as vespers and motets. Marek, however, composed only 21 church compositions and most of them consist of Marian antiphons and litanies of Loreto. These were necessary at the Augustinians, given the honor rendered to the picture of Virgin Mary placed in their church. The two monasteries ran a mutual cooperation which can be proved by Haberhauer music collection preserved at Augustinians in Brno. Haberhauer work can be also found in the collections of other Moravian churches and also at Prague Benedictine order. While Marek’s compositions were exclusively connected to the Augustinian monastery in Brno. Their pieces of music are purely purposeful showing features of a musical classicism. Lives and works of both composers are now the subject of research of the author and of Pavel Žůrek from the Ins, Irena Veselá., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
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95. Mechanismus vášní v "économie animale": k otázce vášní duše v osvícenské medicíně

Creator:
Tinková, Daniela
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
láska, melancholie, osvícenství, fyziologie, psychiatrie, love, melancholy, enlightenment, physiology, psychiatry, vášně duše, passions of soul, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The aim of this study is to show how the emotions - in particular the so-called "passions of the soul" - were understood and interpreted in the medical thinking of the late Enlightenment. We focus chiefly on three innovations in 18th century medicine: the "discovery" of the neuro-cerebral system (the ’birth’ of neurology); the search for the "seat" of illnesses in particular organs (the "birth" of pathological anatomy); and the gradual separation of the body and the soul as objects of medical enquiry (the "birth of psychiatry). We consider whether, and to what extent, these innovations contributed to the breakdown of the "old" diagnostic paradigms of the "passions of the soul", or whether in fact they helped to maintain them. We also discuss to what extent the consideration of these passions fostered a new approach to the relationship between the body and the soul in Enlightenment medicine. Some of the phenomena studied are illustrated by specific examples of (erotic) love and melancholy. and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
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96. Medical provision in the convents of poor clares in late eighteenth-century Hungary

Creator:
Pataki, Katalin
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
zdravotní péče, hmotná kultura, farmacie, klarisky, health care, material culture, pharmacy, Clares, Rakousko (1526-1804), Austrian monarchy (1526-1804), konventní prostory, ošetřovny, josefínské sistace klášterů, convent spaces, infirmary, Josephist Convent dissolutions, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
The article sets into focus the everyday practices of caring the sick in the Poor Clares’ convents of Bratislava, Trnava, Zagreb, Buda and Pest with a time scope focused on the era of Maria Theresa’s and Joseph II’s church reforms. It evinces that each convent had an infirmary, in which the sill nuns could be separated from the rest of the community and nursed according to the instructions of a doctor, but the investigation of the rooms and their equipment also reveals significant differences among them. While the infirmary was merely a sickroom with three or four beds in the case of the smaller communities of Zagreb and Pest, the bigger convents’ infirmaries - that accommodated nine-twelve patients - consisted of a complex set of interconnected spaces with various functions, including storage rooms, cooking facilities and places for making medicine. The infirmary chapels of Bratislava and Trnava and the liturgical equipment in the bigger, hall-like sickroom in Buda represent the interconnectedness of spiritual and medical care. The study also sheds light on possible correlations between self-supply and services provided by external lay practitioners, as it presents the strategies of the convents to reduce medical expenses, e.g. by producing medicaments, accepting novices with surgical-apothecary knowledge or contracting surgeons and physicians for a fixed annual salary. Finally, the paper points towards further research directions suggesting a more sophisticated analysis of the correlations between the nuns’ demand for proper medical care and their agency at the time of the abolition of their order in 1782., Katalin Pataki., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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97. Měly "plebejské" kořeny inteligence význam pro tvářnost národa?

Creator:
Hroch, Miroslav
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
inteligence (vrstva), národní hnutí, intelligentsia, nationalist movement, byrokratizace, sociální skladba, bureaucratization, social composition, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The aim of this paper is to point out that the growing need for well‐educated citizens in the increasingly bureaucratized 18th Century, in itself a well­known phenomenon, should be seen in a wider context. First, we must consider how it relates to the gradual emergence of the modern European nation­state; and secondly, to the cultural and political consequences of social stratification. In nations with a cohesive social structure and, in some cases, a tradition of statehood, the growing numbers and importance of the new intelligentsia were primarily the result of an expansion of existing elites drawing on their own social class. In emerging nations formed largely through nationalist movements, on the other hand, the process was accompanied by the upward mobility of young men from the middle and lower middle classes. In some nations, such as the Czechs and the Finns, these were often the sons of petit bourgeois and artisan families; but in the majority of cases the emergent national intelligentsia found its recruits chiefly among farmers and the rural population as a whole (Lithuania, Estonia). Understandably, this distinction led to differences in the formation of national stereotypes, political cultures and attitudes to social organization. The use of the term "plebeian intelligentsia" in this context is meant as a typological characteristic rather than a pejorative label., Miroslav Hroch., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
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98. Mezi dvěma decenálními recesy: k daňové politice Marie Terezie v Čechách v letech 1748-1775

Creator:
Lhoták, Jan
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, Haugwitz, Bedřich Vilém, 1702-1765, daně, taxation, Čechy (Česko), Bohemia (Czechia), decenální reces, berní zatížení, ten-year compact, tax burden, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
This study examines the taxation policy of Maria Theresa as evidenced by the situation in Bohemia. A fundamental measure that opened the way for subsequent developments was the passing of the ten-year compact (or "Rezess", as it was known), by the Bohemian parliament in 1748. This law guaranteed a fixed total tax contribution (5,488,155 gulders, 58 crowns) in return for a guarantee that the empress would not demand extra levies, even in the event of war. With the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War, however, the situation changed and in 1756 demands were made for exceptional taxes, military recruits, loans to the state budget, etc. Meanwhile the guarantee of a fixed total tax under the ten-year compact continued to apply. The Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) brought no relief, as Maria Theresa asked parliament to approve not only an extension of the compact for the following military year, but new exceptional taxes and the reimposition of certain existing indirect taxes. These obligations, together with an increased tax burden in rural communities, remained in place until 1775, when a new ten-year compact was negotiated that lasted until 1789., Jan Lhoták., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
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99. Mezi tradicí a realitou: šlechtický zemský soud na tereziánské Moravě - agenda a složení stavovské instituce v posledních dekádách její existence (1740-1783)

Creator:
David, Jiří
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
18. století, právní dějiny, správní dějiny, history of law, history of administration, Morava (Česko), Moravia (Czechia), zemský soud, tereziánské reformy, provincial court, Theresian reforms, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Under Maria Theresa, the provincial courts in Moravia continued to operate along the lines set out in the judicial reforms of 1620-1650. Although the reform efforts of the Theresian system had little direct effect on them, the character of these courts did gradually change. By the early 1740s they were inundated with a backlog of unresolved cases that rendered them slow and unwieldy. Following the cancellation of inactive disputes, however, the number of open cases started to drop rapidly, and by the 1760s the provincial court was accepting an absolute minimum of new lawsuits. This was due less to any restrictions imposed by the state than to a lack of interest among the nobility in pursuing claims in the court. The provincial court continued to sit twice a year, but the reduction in the number of cases meant that the number of sessions in each judicial period also fell considerably. The nearly fifty cases heard by the provincial court in the reign of Maria Theresa were, however, similar in scope to those we are familiar with from the preceding period - property-related lawsuits among the nobility, disputes between monasteries and towns, criminal cases and claims by subject communities against their own landlords. Significant changes can also be discerned in the makeup of the courts, with judges being appointed on the basis of their legal training rather than their social standing or other "merits" and, generally, a far closer correspondence to other types of Theresian court, particularly the royal tribunal. There thus ceased to be a meaningful distinction between the royal and provincial judicial systems in the Theresian period., Jiří David., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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