V rámci filosofie věd panuje široká shoda na tom, že druhá polovina 20. století složila „labutí píseň“ pozitivismu. Milton Friedman a Paul Samuelson, dva klíčoví autoři k metodologii ekonomie v daném časovém období, přitom tento vývoj ve filosoifi vědy prý nikdy nereflektovali. Pozitivistická východiska – v prvé řadě v podobě redukcionistického přístupu – jsou tudíž stále přítomna ve vlivných teoretických konceptech rozvinutých ekonomy hlavního proudu. Značný počet autorů však v současnosti sdílí náhled, že tyto koncepty v nezanedbatelné míře přispěly k vývoji, jenž ústil ve finanční krizi, vrcholící v letech 2008 a 2009. Předkládaný článek se proto táže, zda to byla právě krize – v níž mnozí spatřují empirické zamítnutí řady pozitivistických konceptů – která napsala „labutí píseň“ pozitivismu v ekonomii hlavního proudu., It has been widely accepted that philosophers of science wrote a “swansong” for positivism during the second half of the 20th century. Milton Friedman and Paul Samuelson, major contributors in the field of economic methodology at the time, the argument goes, did never reflect the demise. Therefore, positivist roots – primarily in the form of reductionist approach – are still to be found in influential theoretical concepts developed by mainstream economists. However, quite a large number of scholars currently share the view that these concepts contributed in a nonnegligible manner to the development leading to the financial crisis culminating in 2008 and 2009. the article thus asks if it is the crisis – seen by many as an empirical rejection of many positivistic concepts – that wrote a “swansong” for positivism in mainstream economics., and Lukáš Kovanda.
The article introduces the concept of "sociological technoimagination" and delineates the field of visualitzations used in the social sciences: the various forms of graphs, schemes, and diagrams. It surveys the uses and funcitons of visualizations in sciences generally and places their development in the wider contex to the modernization of vision of the 19th century; examining the pioneering uses of visualization methods by Etienne-Jules Marey, Franci Galton or Otto Neurath. Gabriel Tarde´s account of statistic (from his Laws of Imitation, 1890) is reinterpreted in regard to both the nature and social roles of the sociological technoimagination., Tomáš Dvořák., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The moderate interpretation of the Thomas´Theorem suggests little more than a failure at the assessment of objective situation. Its radical interpretation allows thinking the existence of new social reality. The postmodern condition facilitates this understanding. The underlying idea is not recent; Marx´s theory is a precurson to the constructionist approach. The canonical foundations of social constructionism were laid by Berger and Luckmann, who sought to reconcile Weberian and Durkheimian traditions in their concept of the social construction of reality. Phenomena like gender or consumerism appear to be suitable objects for such an approach. Attribution of meaning in culture nonetheless offers to expand the principle to any domain and, in some cases, such as the labeling theory of deviation, its tries its own limits. Applied to science itself, the pricniple raises questions about the status of scientific knowledge that circumvent epistemological issues. Social consturctionism is itself surpassed by the linguistic turn and discursive theories of soicety. The notion of society as text may challenge realist and objectivist positions. In order to remain productive, however, the notion must retain the presupposition of order and rules of reading and thus admit that, actually, society is not merely a text., Miloslav Petrusek., and Obsahuje použitou literaturu
The article focuses on social context and consequences of Descartes´s method. The method demands rejection of human society as an intrusion into the development of human rationality. Though a declared acceptance of human society in its historically established facility makes part of this rejection, it is necessary to defend oneself against it at first. The philosopher of method defends himself against society not only by means of isolation, but by external integration as well. When thus secured, he convinces the authorities not only about social harmlessness of his method, but also about its usefulness. He presents his method as ready to contribute a great deal to stability or to solid foundation of hitherto society. But even this cautious claim is guided by a pursuit of protection - now of the protection by authorities - for the benefit of the most important thing in the human world, the method itself, and the freedom of reason., Richard Zika., and Obsahuje seznam literatury