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5954. Deduction in TIL: from simple to ramified hierarchy of types

Creator:
Duží, Marie
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
existential generalisation, extensional rules, hyperintensions, sequent calculus, substitution, existenciální zobecnění, extenzní pravidla, hyperintenze, sekvenční počet, and substituce
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Tichý’s Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) is an overarching logical framework apt for the analysis of all sorts of discourse, whether colloquial, scientific, mathematical or logical. The theory is a procedural (as opposed to denotational) one, according to which the meaning of an expression is an abstract, extra-linguistic procedure detailing what operations to apply to what procedural constituents to arrive at the product (if any) of the procedure that is the object denoted by the expression. Such procedures are rigorously defined as TIL constructions. Though TIL analytical potential is very large, deduction in TIL has been rather neglected. Tichý defined a sequent calculus for pre-1988 TIL, that is TIL based on the simple theory of types. Since then no other attempt to define a proof calculus for TIL has been presented. The goal of this paper is to propose a generalization and adjustment of Tichý’s calculus to TIL 2010. First I briefly recapitulate the rules of simple-typed calculus as presented by Tichý. Then I propose the adjustments of the calculus so that it be applicable to hyperintensions within the ramified hierarchy of types. TIL operates with a single procedural semantics for all kinds of logical-semantic context, be it extensional, intensional or hyperintensional. I show that operating in a hyperintensional context is far from being technically trivial. Yet it is feasible. To this end we introduce a substitution method that operates on hyperintensions. It makes use of a four-place substitution function (called Sub) defined over hyperintensions., Tichý Transparentní Intenzionální Logika (TIL) je zastřešující logický rámec vhodný pro analýzu všech druhů diskurzů, ať už hovorových, vědeckých, matematických nebo logických. Tato teorie je procedurální (na rozdíl od denotační) jedna, podle které je význam výrazu abstraktním, extra-lingvistickým postupem, který podrobně popisuje, jaké operace mají být aplikovány na to, jaké procedurální složky se mají dostat k produktu (je-li nějaký) řízení. to je objekt označený výrazem. Tyto postupy jsou přísně definovány jako konstrukce TIL. Ačkoli analytický potenciál TIL je velmi velký, odpočet v TIL byl spíše zanedbán. Tichý definoval postupný počet pro před-1988 TIL, to je TIL na základě jednoduché teorie typů. Od té doby nebyl předložen žádný další pokus definovat důkazní kalkul pro TIL. Cílem příspěvku je navrhnout zobecnění a úpravu Tichého kalkulu na TIL 2010. Nejprve stručně rekapituluji pravidla jednoduchého typu kalkulu Tichého. Pak navrhnu úpravy kalkulu tak, aby byl použitelný pro hyperintenze v rámci rozvětvené hierarchie typů. TIL pracuje s jednou procedurální sémantikou pro všechny druhy logicko-sémantického kontextu, ať už jde o extenzivní, intenzionální nebo hyperintenzionální. Ukazuji, že provoz v hyperintenzionálním kontextu není zdaleka technicky triviální. Přesto je to proveditelné. Za tímto účelem zavádíme substituční metodu, která funguje na hyperintenzích. Využívá čtyřmístnou substituční funkci (tzv. Sub) definovanou nad hyperintenziemi. Nejprve stručně rekapituluji pravidla jednoduchého typu kalkulu Tichého. Pak navrhnu úpravy kalkulu tak, aby byl použitelný pro hyperintenze v rámci rozvětvené hierarchie typů. TIL pracuje s jednou procedurální sémantikou pro všechny druhy logicko-sémantického kontextu, ať už jde o extenzivní, intenzionální nebo hyperintenzionální. Ukazuji, že provoz v hyperintenzionálním kontextu není zdaleka technicky triviální. Přesto je to proveditelné. Za tímto účelem zavádíme substituční metodu, která funguje na hyperintenzích. Využívá čtyřmístnou substituční funkci (tzv. Sub) definovanou nad hyperintenziemi. Nejprve stručně rekapituluji pravidla jednoduchého typu kalkulu Tichého. Pak navrhnu úpravy kalkulu tak, aby byl použitelný pro hyperintenze v rámci rozvětvené hierarchie typů. TIL pracuje s jednou procedurální sémantikou pro všechny druhy logicko-sémantického kontextu, ať už jde o extenzivní, intenzionální nebo hyperintenzionální. Ukazuji, že provoz v hyperintenzionálním kontextu není zdaleka technicky triviální. Přesto je to proveditelné. Za tímto účelem zavádíme substituční metodu, která funguje na hyperintenzích. Využívá čtyřmístnou substituční funkci (tzv. Sub) definovanou nad hyperintenziemi. TIL pracuje s jednou procedurální sémantikou pro všechny druhy logicko-sémantického kontextu, ať už jde o extenzivní, intenzionální nebo hyperintenzionální. Ukazuji, že provoz v hyperintenzionálním kontextu není zdaleka technicky triviální. Přesto je to proveditelné. Za tímto účelem zavádíme substituční metodu, která funguje na hyperintenzích. Využívá čtyřmístnou substituční funkci (tzv. Sub) definovanou nad hyperintenziemi. TIL pracuje s jednou procedurální sémantikou pro všechny druhy logicko-sémantického kontextu, ať už jde o extenzivní, intenzionální nebo hyperintenzionální. Ukazuji, že provoz v hyperintenzionálním kontextu není zdaleka technicky triviální. Přesto je to proveditelné. Za tímto účelem zavádíme substituční metodu, která funguje na hyperintenzích. Využívá čtyřmístnou substituční funkci (tzv. Sub) definovanou nad hyperintenziemi., and Marie Duží
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

5955. Defeating diplostomoid dangers in USA catfish aquaculture

Creator:
Overstreet, Robin M. and Curran, Stephen S.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Diplostomoidea, Clinostomum, aquaculture, pathology, catfish, birds, snails, control methods, and USA
Language:
English
Description:
Diplostomoid digenean metacercariae have caused widescale mortalities of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), at aquaculture farms in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas, USA. Originally, based on a tentative diagnosis, the industry considered the primary harmful agent to be an introduced species from Europe, Bolbophorus confusus (Krause, 1914), frequently reported from the American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. Our group has now shown, using ITS 1-2 plus three more-conservative gene fragments, that two sympatric species of Bolbophorus exist in the American white pelican. One, B. damnificus Overstreet et Curran, 2002, infects the musculature of catfish, and the other, probably not B. confusus, does not infect catfish. However, at least four other pathogenic diplostomoids and a clinostomoid infect the catfish, and they use at least four different snail hosts, including the planorbids Planorbella trivolvis (Say) and Gyraulus parvus (Say), the physid Physella gyrina (Say) and a lymnaeid. Two metacercariae, B. damnificus and Bursacetabulus pelecanus Dronen, Tehrany et Wardle, 1999, infect the catfish and mature in the pelican; two others, Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) and Hysteromorpha cf. triloba (Rudolphi, 1819), mature in cormorants; one, Diplostomum sp., matures in seagulls and at least one, Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819), matures in herons, egrets and other wading birds. Consequently, management of catfish ponds relative to digenean infections requires considerable biological information on the fish, bird, and snail hosts as well as the parasites.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

5956. Defective equilibrium

Creator:
Frederick, Danny
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Ad hoc, defective equilibrium, empirical testability, growth of knowledge, justification, and reflective equilibrium
Language:
Slovak
Description:
I argue that the conception of reflective equilibrium that is generally accepted in contemporary philosophy is defective and should be replaced with a conception of fruitful reflective disequilibrium which prohibits ad hoc manoeuvres, encourages new approaches, and eschews all justification in favour of continuous improvement. I suggest how the conception of fruitful disequilibrium can be applied more effectively to moral enquiry, to encourage genuine progress in moral knowledge, if we make moral theory empirically testable by adopting a meta-ethical postulate which is independently plausible., Tvrdím, že pojetí reflexní rovnováhy, které je v současné filosofii obecně akceptováno, je vadné a mělo by být nahrazeno pojetím plodné reflexní nerovnováhy, která zakazuje ad hoc manévry, podporuje nové přístupy a vyhýbá se veškerému ospravedlnění ve prospěch neustálého zlepšování. Navrhuji, jak lze koncepci plodné nerovnováhy efektivněji aplikovat na morální zkoumání, povzbudit skutečný pokrok v morálních znalostech, pokud učiníme morální teorii empiricky testovatelnou přijetím meta-etického postulátu, který je nezávisle věrohodn, and Danny Frederick
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

5957. Defence response produced during photodynamic damage in transgenic rice overexpressing 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase

Creator:
Jung, S., Back, K., Yang, K., Kuk, Y. I., and Chon, S.-U.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, antheraxanthin, antioxidant, chlorophyll, non-photochemical quenching, Oryza, photodynamic stress, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
Photodynamic and photoprotective responses at different irradiances were investigated in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) expressing Bradyrhizobium japonicum 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S). With high irradiance (HI) of 350 µmol m-2 s-1, transgenic lines P5 and P14 showed a decrease in contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and the chloroplast-encoded gene psbA mRNA, whereas a decrease in light-harvesting Chl-binding proteins was observed only in P14. These effects were not observed in the wild-type (WT) line treated with HI or all of the lines treated with low irradiance (LI) of 150 µmol m-2 s-1. HI resulted in a greater decrease in the quantum yield of photosystem 2 and a greater increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the transgenic lines, particularly in P14, compared to WT. Photoprotective zeaxanthin contents increased at HI, even though carotenoid contents were lower in the transgenic lines compared to WT. When exposed to HI, superoxide dismutase greatly increased in transgenic lines P5 and P14, but peroxidase and glutathione reductase increased only in P14, in which more photodynamic damage occurred. Thus the greater expression of ALA-S in the transgenic plants developed the stronger protective functions, i.e. the increased values of NPQ and zeaxanthin, as well as more photodynamic reactions, i.e. decreased photosynthetic component and efficiency, in the photosynthetic complexes. However, the photodynamic reactions indicate that the antioxidant capacity was insufficient to cope with the severe stress triggered by photoactive porphyrins in the transgenic rice expressing ALA-S. and S. Jung ... [et al.].
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

5958. Defending the good dog picture of virtues

Creator:
Mărăşoiu, Andrei Ionuţ
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
experience, expertise, fluency, intellectual virtue, moral virtue, necessitation, normativity, rationality, and reflection
Language:
Slovak
Description:
I consider and reject a specific criticism advanced by Korsgaard against virtue ethics and epistemology when these are conceived with the help of what she calls the image of the “Good Dog.” I consider what virtue ethics and epistemology would look like if the Good Dog picture of virtues were largely correct. I argue that attention to the features that make Korsgaard undermine the usefulness of virtues when conceived along the lines of the Good Dog picture reveals the opposite of what she claims. On the Good Dog picture, virtue ethics and epistemology are seen as more promising approaches to rationality than Korsgaard’s own advocacy of reflection.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

5959. Deference to the administration in judicial review in the Czech Republic

Creator:
Zdeněk Kühn and Josef Staša
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
správní soudnictví, správní soudy, judicial review of administrative acts, administrative courts, judicial deference to the administration, corporate liability in public law, administrative sanctions, 16, and 34
Language:
English
Description:
Administrative courts at the onset of the new century face the challenge of ever-changing legislation. Frequent amendments do solvee some gaps but creat even more gaps which have to be filled by the courts. in the CZech Republic relative ease of judicial review by the courts of first instance and the wide open access to the Supreme Administrative Court mean that many administrative cases are resolved in four instances - two instances of administrative proceedings and additional two instances of judicial proceedings. All these things considered, it is not surprising that neither legal scholarship nor case law defines any general concept of judicial deference (or self-restraint) to the administration. Various areas of public law contain some expressions of judicial deference (most notably the limitation of judicial review of administrative discretion and subsidiarity of judicial review). Nevertheless, both case law and scholarship are far from subsuming these concepts under the common label of "judicial deference to the administration". This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the notion of judicial deference in the Czech Republic as well as some prospects in this field., Zdenek Kühn, Josef Staša., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

5960. Deficit of coenzyme Q in heart and liver mitochondria of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Creator:
Jarmila Kucharská, Braunová, Z., Oľga Uličná, Zlatoš, L., and Anna Gvozdjáková
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, diabetes mellitus, mitochondrie, oxidační stres, mitochondrias, oxidative stress, alpha-tocopherol, coenzyme Q, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress participate in the development of diabetic complications, however, the mechanisms of their origin are not entirely clear. Coenzyme Q has an important function in mitochondrial bioenergetics and is also a powerful antioxidant. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) regenerates alpha-tocopherol to its active form and prevents atherogenesis by protecting low-density lipoproteins against oxidation. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the experimentally induced diabetes mellitus is associated with changes in the content of endogenous antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, coenzymes Q9 and Q10) and in the intensity of lipoperoxidation. These biochemical parameters were investigated in the blood and in the isolated heart and liver mitochondria. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (45 mg.kg-1), insulin was administered once a day for 8 weeks (6 U.kg-1). The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol and CoQ homologues in the blood of the diabetic rats were increased. The CoQ9/cholesterol ratio was reduced. In heart and liver mitochondria of the diabetic rats we found an increased concentration of alpha-tocopherol, however, the concentrations of CoQ9 and CoQ10 were decreased. The formation of malondialdehyde was enhanced in the plasma and heart mitochondria. The results have demonstrated that experimental diabetes is associated with increased lipoperoxidation, in spite of the increased blood concentrations of antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and CoQ. These changes may be associated with disturbances of lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. An important finding is that heart and liver mitochondria from the diabetic rats contain less CoQ9 and CoQ10 in comparison with the controls. We suppose that the deficit of coenzyme Q can participate in disturbances of mitochondrial energy metabolism of diabetic animals., J. Kucharská, Z. Braunová, O. Uličná, L. Zlatoš, A. Gvozdjáková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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