A study of working class housing, mainly of working class housing
in working class settlemenents, belonged to the main topics of Czech ethnology and Czech socially oriented historiography before the year 1989. Within the frames of extensive ethnological researches of the Czech lands’ industrial areas both ethnologists and historians paid great attention to working class settlements in Brno, Plzeň, Prague or especially in Ostravian industrial area. Just around Ostrava we can speak about uninterrupted continuity of working class settlements’ research which has remained in the sphere of researchers’ interests also after the year 1989 when the changes in the whole society and the transformation of dominant historical narratives led to a decline of interest in working class housing and settlements. The review article summs up the Czech existing scholarship with special reference to the greater Ostrava area.
We consider the problem of separating noisy overcomplete sources from linear mixtures, i.e., we observe N mixtures of M > N sparse sources. We show that the ``Sparse Coding Neural Gas'' (SCNG) algorithm [8,9] can be employed in order to estimate the mixing matrix. Based on the learned mixing matrix the sources are obtained by orthogonal matching pursuit. Using synthetically generated data, we evaluate the influence of (i) the coherence of the mixing matrix, (ii) the noise level, and (iii) the sparseness of the sources with respect to the performance that can be achieved on the representation level. Our results show that if the coherence of the mixing matrix and the noise level are sufficiently small and the underlying sources are sufficiently sparse, the sources can be estimated from the observed mixtures. In order to apply our method to real-world data, we try to reconstruct each single instrument of a jazz audio signal given only a two-channel recording. Furthermore, we compare our method to the well-known FastICA [4] algorithm and show that in case of sparse sources and presence of additive noise, our method provides a superior estimation of the mixing matrix.
This paper reports on phase retrieval method in non-nulling dual-wavelength interferometry. It uses synthetic phase as shape estimation for determination of fringe orders within every pixel. The fringe order map is subsequently used for unwrapping of phase measured at shorter wavelengths. It was experimentally shown that even for inaccurate synthetic phase, the computed phase for short wavelength is correct. The key point is analysis of phase fields in spatial derivatives where the sensitivity to phase distortions is lower instead of analyzing the phase fields themselves. and Tento příspěvek popisuje metodu získávání a zpracování fáze v interferometrii s dvěma vlnovými délkami. Přístup, nazývaný hierarchická demodulace, využívá syntetickou fázi jako odhad pro stanovení celočíselného násobku 2p v rámci každého pixelu, čímž lze dosáhnout demodulace fázové mapy i v případě podvzorkovaného interferogramu. Standardní procedura hierarchického rozbalení předpokládá nízké zkreslení syntetické fáze, což není v praxi vzhledem k disperzi a dalším vlivům často splněno. Nový přístup popsaný v tomto článku přenáší problém demodulace fáze do prostoru prostorových změn (derivace) fáze, kde je přirozeně vliv zkreslení nižší. Bylo experimentálně ukázáno, že i při nepřesné syntetické fázi je demodulovaná fáze správná.
Stáří a stárnutí jedinců jsou bezpochyby fenomény, které zaujímaly významné místo ve společnosti již v dobách dávno minulých. Během 20. století však nabrala otázka stárnutí nového rozměru, neboť začala nově přesahovat z úrovně individuální na úroveň celospolečenskou. V důsledku zlepšování některých společenských podmínek (např. lékařské péče, životního stylu, hygieny, životní úrovně atd.), jež bylo nastartováno již zhruba na počátku 19. století, dochází k odsouvání úmrtí do vyšších věků, a lidé tak žijí déle. V moderních společnostech je tento jev obvykle doprovázen poklesem porodnosti a plodnosti. Kombinace těchto dvou faktorů pak ve svém konečném důsledku způsobuje proces, který nazýváme demografickým stárnutím. Obecně je tedy třeba rozlišovat dva pohledy na problematiku stárnutí. První pohled se zaměřuje na tzv. stárnutí individuální, druhý přístup se zabývá demografickým stárnutím lidských populací, ovšem je zřejmé, že obě dvě hlediska jsou mezi sebou navzájem provázaná. Podobně tomu bude i v následujícímpříspěvku, jenž se bude zabývat nejen přehledem problematiky demografického stárnutí, ale dotkne se také otázek o dlouhověkosti a kvalitě života, které se dostávají do popředí v souvislosti s tematikou stárnutí jednotlivců., Old age and aging of individuals are phenomenons that took important place in society as early as former times. During twentieth century the question of aging got new meaning, because it newly started to overreach from individual level to all-society. As a result of improvement of some social conditions (f.e. medical care, lifestyle, hygiene, living standard etc.), that was already initiated approximately at the beginning of the nineteenth century, dying started to be moved to higher age and people live longer. In modern societies this event usually goes with decline of natality and fertility. In final effect combination of these two factors causes the process that is known as demographic aging. In general we have to distinction between two views of problems of aging. The first view is focused on individual aging, the second one on demographic aging of human population. But it is clear that both of these views relate to each other. Similarly this article offers the roundup of problems of demographic aging, but also gives a touch of questions about longevity and quality of life, that gain ground in connection with theme of individual aging., Michaela Dimitrová., and Seznam literatury
A comprehensive approach to certain structural problems and a wide array of scientific issues of both natural sciences and humanities should include methods of digital modelling of complex systems. Past human societies and their settlement structures represent in a certain point of view complex systems. Agent-based modelling (ABM) and simulation represents a methodological framework to construct digital models of studied contexts in order to test the viability of existing theoretical models in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. An explicitly formulated “artificial society” (e.g., Danielisová, Štekerová 2015) can be built on the basis of all available archaeological sources, proxy data, estimates and existing theoretical models in research of the Germanic society of the Middle Danube region (Moravia, W Slovakia – Záhorie region and Lower Austria to the north of the Danube). The main concern lies in the establishment of a digital model which would reflect the available archaeological knowledge and estimates about the Germanic settlement structure and possible demographic development from the 1st century AD up to the period of the Marcomannic wars. Similar attempts at archaeological demography certainly contain wide ranges of methodical issues, mostly due to the limited input data and known aspects of population dynamics from archaeological records, nevertheless, this attempt represents a pilot effort of the initial framework implementation phase designed to explore the basic demographic properties of the studied context.