Insect herbivores were collected from Castanopsis acuminatissima (Fagaceae) at Wau, Papua New Guinea, by beating the foliage of 15 trees during four one-month sampling periods, each representing different leaf-flush events. The association of leaf-chewing beetles with C. acuminatissima was verified with feeding trials. Of 59 species of leaf-chewing beetles that were collected, 36 species could be used in feeding trials. Only 9 of these species fed on C. acuminatissima. A further 27 beetle species were tested in feeding trials but did not feed. Of these, 7 were specialists feeding on other tree species within the surrounding vegetation. Most beetle species collected from C. acuminatissima foliage were probably transient species, dispersing from other tree species. Path analyses showed that herbivore abundance during a particular sampling period was significantly influenced by rainfall, leaf flush of other conspecific trees and air temperature, but not so by the species richness of surrounding vegetation, number of surrounding conspecific trees and size (DBH) of trees sampled. The species richness of leaf-chewing beetles collected on particular study trees depended on that of the surrounding vegetation, thus supporting the hypothesis that most beetle species collected were transient. The abundance of insect herbivores on particular C. acuminatissima trees probably depends on a balance between the leaf flush of conspecific trees and that of the particular tree sampled. The results also emphasize the need to remove transient species in analyses of insect faunas of tropical trees, at the risk of analyzing species richness patterns derived from loosely defined "assemblages" of species., Yves Basset, and Lit
Po delším neúspěšném diagnostickém procesu u pacientek, které si stěžují na symptomy dolních cest močových, chronickou pánevní bolest, dyspareunii nebo pocit tíhy v pochvě, se doporučuje zvážit diagnózu uretrálního divertiklu. Autoři článku hodnotí etiopatogenezi této patologie a nejrozšířenější klasifikační systém. Dále upozorňují na zásadní význam zobrazovacích vyšetření (perineální ultrazvukové vyšetření, zobrazovací vyšetření magnetickou rezonancí a cystoskopie) pro správnou identifikaci a diagnostiku uretrálního divertiklu. V neposlední řadě je prostor věnován technikám operační korekce uretrálního divertiklu popsaným v urologické literatuře a autoři rovněž prezentují vlastní techniku operační korekce. Operační léčba divertiklu močové trubice u žen je složitá a je spojena s řadou komplikací. Z tohoto důvodu autoři zdůrazňují, že tento typ operace je vhodné provádět pouze ve specializovaných centrech., After a long diagnostic process in women complaining lower urinary tract symptoms, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia or feeling of vaginal weight, the diagnosis of urethral diverticulum is too strongly keep in mind. In this paper, we present the etiopathogenesis of this pathology and the classification system is mainly used. We also underline that diagnostic imaging is paramount to correctly identify and diagnose urethral diverticulum, we focus on perineal ultrasound, MR and cystoscopy. Finally we present the procedures for urethral diverticulum correction described in urological literature and explain our technique for urethral diverticulum correction. Urethral diverticulum surgery is complex and it is still affected by high degree of complications. For all these reasons we underline that this surgery should be performed in highly specialized and experienced centers in perineal female surgery., and Gurioli A., Marson F., Ammirati E., Marra G., Destefanis P., Frea B.