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562. Correlation between climate and flood indices in Northwestern Italy at different temporal scales

Creator:
Pesce, Matteo, von Hardenberg, Jost, Claps, Pierluigi, and Viglione, Alberto
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
flood tendency, ETCCDI indices, and flood and climate variability
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The occurrence of river floods is strongly related to specific climatic conditions that favor extreme precipitation events leading to catchment saturation. Although the impact of precipitation and temperature patterns on river flows is a well discussed topic in hydrology, few studies have focused on the relationship between peak discharges and standard Climate Change Indices (ETCCDI) of precipitation and temperature, widely used in climate research. It is of interest to evaluate whether these indices are relevant for characterizing and predicting floods in the Alpine area. In this study, a correlation analysis of the ETCCDI indices annual time series and annual maximum flows is presented for the Piedmont Region, in North-Western Italy. Spearman’s rank correlation is used to determine which ETCCDI indices are temporally correlated with maximum discharges, allowing to hypothesize which climate drivers better explain the interannual variability of floods. Moreover, the influence of climate (decadal) variability on the tendency of annual maximum discharges is examined by spatially correlating temporal trends of climate indices with temporal trends of the discharge series in the last twenty years, calculated using the Theil-Sen slope estimator. Results highlight that, while extreme precipitation indices are highly correlated with extreme discharges at the annual timescale, with different indices that are consistent with catchment size, the decadal tendencies of extreme discharges may be better explained by the decadal tendencies of the total annual precipitation over the study area. This suggests that future projections of the annual precipitation available from climate models simulations, whose reliability is higher compared to precipitation extremes, may be used as covariates for non-stationary flood frequency analysis.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

563. Could Tajtelbaum question what Tarski could not?

Creator:
Wiślicki, Jan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
enquotation, metalanguage, quotation, Reach’s puzzle, Tajtelbaum, and Tarski
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper discusses Tarski’s approach to quotation. It starts from showing that it is vulnerable to semantic inconsistencies connected with what is known as Reach’s puzzle, formulated in 1938 by a Czech logician Karel Reach. This fact gives rise to serious problems concerning the relation between the metalanguage and an object language. Moreover, the paper touches upon a historic aspect, pointing out that the problem at hand is discussed in the only paper signed up as Al. Tajtelbaum, i.e. Alfred Tarski’s original name. It argues that the puzzle reveals the importance of reopening the discussion on the understanding and limitations of deriving the metalanguage from an object language.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

564. Coupling DSSAT and HYDRUS-1D for simulations of soil water dynamics in the soil-plant-atmosphere system

Creator:
Shelia, Vakhtang, Šimůnek, Jirka, Boote, Ken, and Hoogenbooom, Gerrit
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
system modeling, crop growth, soil water, unsaturated zone, DSSAT, and HYDRUS-1D
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Accurate estimation of the soil water balance of the soil-plant-atmosphere system is key to determining the availability of water resources and their optimal management. Evapotranspiration and leaching are the main sinks of water from the system affecting soil water status and hence crop yield. The accuracy of soil water content and evapotranspiration simulations affects crop yield simulations as well. DSSAT is a suite of field‐scale, process‐based crop models to simulate crop growth and development. A “tipping bucket” water balance approach is currently used in DSSAT for soil hydrologic and water redistribution processes. By comparison, HYDRUS-1D is a hydrological model to simulate water flow in soils using numerical solutions of the Richards equation, but its approach to crop-related process modeling is rather limited. Both DSSAT and HYDRUS-1D have been widely used and tested in their separate areas of use. The objectives of our study were: (1) to couple HYDRUS-1D with DSSAT to simulate soil water dynamics, crop growth and yield, (2) to evaluate the coupled model using field experimental datasets distributed with DSSAT for different environments, and (3) to compare HYDRUS-1D simulations with those of the tipping bucket approach using the same datasets. Modularity in the software design of both DSSAT and HYDRUS-1D made it easy to couple the two models. The pairing provided the DSSAT interface an ability to use both the tipping bucket and HYDRUS-1D simulation approaches. The two approaches were evaluated in terms of their ability to estimate the soil water balance, especially soil water contents and evapotranspiration rates. Values of the d index for volumetric water contents were 0.9 and 0.8 for the original and coupled models, respectively. Comparisons of simulations for the pod mass for four soybean and four peanut treatments showed relatively high d index values for both models (0.94–0.99).
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

566. Criteria for selecting fluorescent dye tracers for soil hydrological applications using Uranine as an example

Creator:
Gerke, Kirill M., Sidle, Roy C., and Mallants, Dirk
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
staining, preferential flow paths visualization, molar extinction coefficient, tracer concentration quantification, and vadose zone hydrology
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Calibrating and verifying 2-D and 3-D vadose zone flow and transport models requires detailed information on water and solute redistribution. Among the different water flow and mass transfer determination methods, staining tracers have the best spatial resolution allowing visualization and quantification of fluid flow including preferential flow paths. Staining techniques have been used successfully for several decades; however, the hydrological community is still searching for an “ideal” vadose zone tracer regarding flow path visualization. To date, most research using staining dyes is carried out with Brilliant Blue FCF. Fluorescent dyes such as Uranine, however, have significant advantages over nonfluorescents which makes them a promising alternative. This paper presents the first analysis of key properties any fluorescent substance must possess to qualify as a staining fluorescent tracer in vadose zone hydrological applications. First, we summarize the main physico-chemical properties of Uranine and evaluate its staining tracer potential with conventional suitability indicators and visibility testing in a soil profile. Based on numerical analysis using the theory of fluorescence, we show that a low molar absorption coefficient is a crucial parameter to quantify concentration accurately. In addition, excitation of a tracer on wavelengths different from the maximum excitation wavelength can extend the linear range of the concentration-fluorescence relationship significantly. Finally, we develop criteria for evaluating the suitability of any potential fluorescent soil staining compound for soil hydrological applications: 1) high quantum yield, 2) low molar absorption coefficient, 3) fluorescence independent of temperature, 4) low photodecomposition rates, and 5) fluorescence stable across a wide range of pH values.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

567. Crop water supply and its relation to yield of spring wheat in the south of Russian plain

Creator:
Shumová, Nadezhda
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
soil water, crop yield, transpiration, Southern Russian Plains, pôdna voda, úroda, transpirácia, and Juhoruské nížiny
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The proposed method to estimate water supply of spring wheat crop is based on the ratio of the water amount extracted by plants under actual conditions of growth (transpiration) to cover needs for maximum (potential) yield (potential transpiration). Estimates of spatial, inter- and intra-annual water supply variability of the spring wheat crop in basic agricultural zones are given. Dependence of the spring wheat yield on water supply is presented. and Navrhnutá metóda určenia zásobovania porastu jarnej pšenice vodou je založená na určení pomeru množstva vody odobratého koreňmi rastlín (transpirácia) k potenciálnej transpirácii, ktorá je podmienkou maximálnej (potenciálnej) úrody. Práca obsahuje údaje o priestorovej, ročnej a medziročnej variabilite transpirácie jarnej pšenice v základných poľnohospodárskych oblastiach, ako aj závislosť úrod jarnej pšenice na zásobovaní porastu vodou (transpirácii).
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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