"You cannot improve it, if you cannot measure it." Nemůžete vylepšit to, co neumíte změřit, prohlásil lord Kelvin v roce 1906 na slavnostním zasedání normalizační společnosti IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) coby její právě jmenovaný prezident. Měřit ovšem nejde bez měřidel - a pravidel. Bez norem si také nelze představit žádnou techniku: jak byste asi vyměnili baterii, kdyby každá měla jiné napětí a jiné rozměry? Ovšem máme-li už normu pro technické prostředky (třeba ČSN IEC 60050-482). musíme mít, a to především, také normy na příslušné veličiny (např. délku, šířku,napětí,...) a jejich jednotky (metr, volt,...). and Jan Obdržálek.
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) has been recently characterized as a new adipokine. The aim of this study was to assess FGF-21 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to study the relationship between FGF-21, disease activity and metabolic status. The levels of FGF- 21 in serum and synovial fluid samples from 38 patients with RA and 42 control individuals with OA were determined by ELISA. Patients were assessed for disease activity using the disease activity score (DAS28), a serum glucose and lipid profile. Age, sex and BMI-adjusted FGF-21 levels in the serum (p=0.024) and synovial fluid (p=0.010) samples were significantly higher in patients with RA when compared with OA. The levels of FGF-21 in the serum significantly correlated with the levels in the synovial fluid. Serum and synovial fluid FGF-21 levels adjusted for confounders correlated positively with C-reactive protein. The levels of FGF-21 were positively correlated with BMI in patients with RA; however, the levels were not associated with disease activity or lipid profiles. Furthermore, serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in seropositive compared with seronegative RA patients. This work shows that patients with seropositive RA have increased levels of FGF-21. The results suggest that FGF-21 is related to BMI but not disease activity or lipid profiles in patients with RA., H. Hulejová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Haemagglutination activity (HA) was found and characterized in a midgut homogenate of Ixodes ricinus (L.). HA was induced by tick feeding; it was not detected in starved ticks. In a haemagglutination inhibition test, HA showed an affinity for some carbohydrates (N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, rhamnose, and dulcit) and glycoconjugates (especially lipopolysaccharides). Midgut protein components of 37, 60, 65, and 73 kDa were identified by immunoblotting as potential structural subunits of the new agglutinin.
Spatial tasks in rodents are commonly used to study general mechanisms of cognition. We review two groups of novel spatial tasks for rodents and discuss how they can extend our understanding of mechanisms of spatial cognition. The first group represents spatial tasks in which the subject does not locomote. Locomotion influences neural activity in brain structures important for spatial cognition. The tasks belonging to the first group make it possible to study cognitive processes without the interfering impact of locomotion. The second group represents tasks in which the subject approaches or avoids a moving object. Despite this topic is intensively studied in various animal species, little attention has been paid to it in rodents. Both groups of the tasks are powerful tools for addressing novel questions about rodent cognition., D. Klement, K. Blahna, T. Nekovářová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The viviparous gyrodactylid genus Macrogyrodactylus Malmberg, 1957 is endemic to Africa, composed of nine species from hosts of four freshwater fish families, including catfishes (Siluriformes: Clariidae). Three species, Macrogyrodactylus clarii Gussev, 1961; M. congolensis (Prudhoe, 1957) and M. karibae Douëllou et Chishawa, 1995, are primarily known to parasitise the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in various African countries. From November 2017 to September 2019, a total of 184 individuals of C. gariepinus were collected from selected localities in southern Africa and their skin, fins and gills were surveyed for monogeneans. Three species of Macrogyrodactylus (M. clarii, M. congolensis and M. karibae) were found parasitising C. gariepinus from five localities in South Africa and Zambia. Overall prevalence was 50% to 100% with intensities of up to 109 parasites per host individual. New locality records in southern Africa, morphological observations and additional molecular data on the complete Internal Transcriber Spacer (ITS-1-5.8S-ITS-2) regions of the rDNA gene for the three gyrodactylid species are presented in this study.
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous disease states. However, direct measurement of in vivo ROS in humans has remained elusive due to limited access to appropriate tissue beds and the inherently short half-lives and high reactivity of ROS. Herein, we describe a novel technique by which to measure in vivo ROS in human skeletal muscle. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the vastus lateralis of eight healthy volunteers. Amplex Ultrared, a highly specific fluorogenic substrate for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were perfused through microdialysis probes, and outflowing dialysate was collected and fluorescence was measured. Extracellular H2O2 that crossed the microdialysis membrane was measured via fluorescence of the dialysate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was then added to the inflowing perfusion media to convert any superoxide crossing the microdialysis membrane to H2O2 within the microdialysis probe. Fluorescence significantly increased (P=0.005) upon SOD addition. These data demonstrate the feasibility of measuring both in vivo H2O2 and superoxide in the extracellular environment of human skeletal muscle, providing a technique with a potential application to a wide range of circulatory and metabolic studies of oxidative stress., J. D. La Favor, E. J. Anderson, R. C. Hickner., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Evropské druhy raků jsou stále vzácnější. Nemalou vinu na tom mají především raci introdukovaní ze Severní Ameriky a s nimi související šíření račího moru. Počet nepůvodních druhů v Evropě již dvakrát převyšuje původní račí faunu a v důsledku vysazování akvarijních druhů do volné přírody můžeme očekávat nálezy dalších račích přivandrovalců., European native crayfish species are on the decline. One of the key reasons is the introduction of invasive crayfish from North America and the associated spread of crayfish plague. The number of alien crayfish in Europe is already more than double the number of native species, and, due to the release of aquarium-kept specimens, we can expect discovery of additional ones., and Antonín Kouba, Adam Petrusek.
Cookbooks are currently a very popular literary genre in the field of gastronomy, but this was not always the case. Until the end of the 19th century, cookbooks were intended only for wealthy middle-class female readers. The study tries to show that the situation changed at the beginning of the 20th century, and cookbooks that were unprecedented before 1900 appeared. Their authors began to focus on particular groups of diners, types of ingredients, and different ways of eating. They also aimed at lower social classes, such as the working class and the countryside. The first cookbooks inspired by foreign gastronomy or the new dietary phenomenon – vegetarianism – were also produced. The development was also influenced by several historical events, such as World War I, when several war cookbooks were written. The female authors of cookbooks are an important aspect in the research on gastronomy. They are no longer just experienced housewives who share their recipes and advice, but include women dealing with education, and health and food science. Some of the authors‘ names are still well-known today.