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22. Development of novel microsatellite markers for a specialist species of Lepidoptera, Boloria aquilonaris (Nymphalidae), based on 454 sequences
- Creator:
- Vandewoestijne, Sofie, Turlure, Camille, and Baguette, Michel
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, microsatellite, pyrosequencing, cross-amplification, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Microsatellites are the most common markers used in population and conservation genetic studies. However, their isolation is laborious and expensive. In some taxa, such as Lepidoptera, it is particularly difficult to isolate microsatellite markers due to the high similarity of the flanking regions of different loci and the presence of null alleles. Here we isolated microsatellites of the endangered butterfly Boloria aquilonaris using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyro-sequences of biotin enriched DNA libraries and tested the success of cross-amplification on the sister-species B. eunomia. Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated in B. aquilonaris using initially 101 stringently designed primer pairs. Unlike in many other studies of microsatellite isolation in Lepidoptera, few null alleles were detected and only at very low frequencies. Additionally, the raw data set can still be used for the isolation of other microsatellite loci. None of the selected polymorphic loci for B. aquilonaris gave clear banding patterns for B. eunomia, although about 15 other loci gave promising banding patterns for the latter species. Low intra- and inter-specific transferability of developed markers in this study also lends support to the hypothesis that the evolution of the genome of Lepidoptera is dissimilar from that of other organisms., Sofie Vandewoestijne, Camille Turlure, Michel Baguette., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
23. Differences in the nocturnal flight activity of insect pests and beneficial predatory insects recorded by light traps: possible use of a beneficial-friendly trapping strategy for controlling insect pests
- Creator:
- Ma, Gang and Ma, Chun-Sen
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, light trap, phototaxis, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The use of light traps for controlling insect pests is restricted since they kill both pests and beneficial insects. It may be a possible to reduce the numbers of beneficial insects trapped by adjusting nightly trapping time based on differences recorded in the timing of the nocturnal flight peaks of target pests and beneficials. To test this, insects were collected hourly over night using black light traps at three locations in China from 2003 to 2005. Groups of lepidopteran and coleopteran pests were selected as the target pests that we would control by trapping and groups of beneficial predatory insects the catches of which needed to be reduced. The highest numbers of Coleoptera were caught between 20:00 and 22:00 h and of most Lepidoptera between 02:00 and 04:00 h. The hourly numbers of predatory insects caught by light traps were evenly distributed throughout the night. A model was developed to describe the relationships between the cumulative proportions of insects caught and time of night. The model accurately describes the flight activity of insects that were mainly caught before midnight, after midnight and evenly throughout a night by using different parameters for the three different insect groups. A beneficial-friendly trapping strategy was developed to reduce the numbers of beneficial insects trapped, which was based on differences in the nocturnal flight activity of pests and beneficial insects and validated by a field study in Shandong province. Results show that this trapping strategy reduced the number of beneficial insects caught by 46% and the electricity consumption by 50% compared to the traditional strategy. Thus this strategy is more beneficial-friendly than the traditional trapping strategy for controlling pests., Gang Ma, Chun-Sen Ma., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
24. Discovery of a remarkable new species of Lymanopoda (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) and considerations of its phylogenetic position: An integrative taxonomic approach
- Creator:
- Pyrcz, Tomasz W, Prieto, Carlos, Boyer, Pierre, and Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- motýli, babočkovití, okáči, fylogeneze, biodiverzita, butterflies, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, phylogeny, biodiversity, Kolumbie, Colombia, Lepidoptera, Lymanopoda, systematics, new species, DNA barcodes, páramo, Andes, Valle del Cauca, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A new species of Lymanopoda Westwood, a cloud forest Neotropical genus of Satyrinae, is described from the páramo grasslands on an isolated, peripheral massif in the Colombian Central Cordillera of the Andes: L. flammigera Pyrcz, Prieto & Boyer, sp. n. The genus Lymanopoda is species-rich (approx. 65 species) and its alpha taxonomy is relatively well researched. Relationships within the genus using molecular data have also been explored. The new species is outstanding for its golden yellow colour in males, not found in any other neotropical Satyrinae. Cladograms were constructed based on COI sequences of 47 species of Lymanopoda (~ 70% of the known species) including 17 from Colombia. The new species segregates in the "tolima" clade, which comprises four other high altitude Colombian species, as well as two from Ecuador. However, it is the comparative analysis of male genitalia, in particular the superuncus and valvae, which identified its closest relatives, thus confirming that genital characters can help refine molecular phylogenies. In addition to identifying species using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA barcodes), nucleotide sites with unique fixed states used to identify nine species of Lymanopoda from Colombia are also presented., Tomasz W. Pyrcz, Carlos Prieto, Pierre Boyer, Jadwiga Lorenc-Brudecka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
25. Double strand RNA-mediated RNA interference through feeding in larval gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
- Creator:
- Ghosh, Saikat Kumar B. and Gundersen-Rindal, Dawn E.
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, bekyně (motýli), příjem potravy, Lymantria, ingestion, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth larvae, RNAi, dsRNA, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- RNA interference (RNAi) technology uses dsRNAs to silence specific targeted genes by downregulating their expression. It has become a potent tool for functional and regulatory studies of insect genes and has potential to be applied for insect control. Though it has been challenging to generate effective RNAi in lepidopteran insects, in the current study this technology was applied to develop specific RNAi-based molecular tools that could be used to negatively impact the invasive lepidopteran forest pest, gypsy moth (GM). GM midgut-specific genes were selected for dsRNA design from larval transcriptome profiles. Two methods were used to produce specific dsRNAs, bacterial expression and in vitro synthesis, which were then fed per os to GM larvae. Depletion of uncharacterized gene targets known as locus 365 and locus 28365, or their stacked combination, depleted target transcripts in a sequence specific manner and resulted in 60% reduction in body mass. Treated GM females that were able to moult to the adult stage displayed an approximately two-fold reduction in egg masses. These have potential to be developed as molecular biopesticides for GM., Saikat Kumar B. Ghosh, Dawn E. Gundersen-Rindal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
26. Effect of host species on larval growth differs between instars: The case of a geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
- Creator:
- Vellau, Helen, Sandre, Siiri-Lii, and Tammaru, Toomas
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, entomology, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ematurga atomaria, larval performance, body size, reaction norm, host plant quality, Calluna, Vaccinium, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Although the effects of host plant quality on the performance of polyphagous herbivores are largely uniform across insect taxa, there are various exceptions to this rule. In particular, there are scattered reports of cases in which the relative quality of different hosts differs among larval instars of a single insect species. Such cases are explained either in terms of differences in the susceptibility of different aged larvae to plant defences or, alternatively, age-specific nutritional demands. Here we report the results of experiments that show that young larvae of the polyphagous common heath moth Ematurga atomaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) consistently attain higher weights on common heather Calluna vulgaris than bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus, whereas the rank order of these host plants is reversed in the final larval instar. Phytochemical analyses showed that differences in nutrient content of these plants are not likely to explain the observed pattern. Instead, the results are more consistent with the idea that the greater chemical defence of bilberry has a relatively stronger influence on young than old larvae., Helen Vellau, Siiri-Lii Sandre, Toomas Tammaru., and Seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
27. Effect of insect-resistant transgenic maize on growth and development, utilization of nutrients and in vivo activity of the detoxification enzymes of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
- Creator:
- Shi, Min Juan, Lu, Pei Ling, Shi, Xiao Li, and Yang, Yi Zhong
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Ostrinia furnacalis, detoxification enzyme, growth and development, insect-resistant transgenic maize, nutritional indicators, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- a1_There is little systematic research on the effect of transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins on insect survival and the response in vivo of their detoxification enzymes. Results of laboratory bioassays indicate that the whorl leaves of transgenic maize lines G03-2396 and G03-2739 significantly affected the survival of neonate and third instar larvae of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Güenée). Neonate mortality two days after being fed on G03-2739 was 72.5% and exceeded 92.5% four days later. The percentage mortality of third instar larvae six days after being fed whorl leaves from G03-2396 exceeded 65%. The resistance of whorl leaves to insect attack was greater than that of maize-ears, but less effective against attacks by third instar larvae. Neonate development was more prolonged when they were fed on whorl leaves of both the transgenic maize lines. In contrast, low pupation (<80% of that recorded in the controls), ecolosion and fecundity were recorded following ingestion of maize-ears, with pupal weights 10-14 mg lower than that of controls. The growth rates of third instar larvae recorded three and six days after feeding on whorl leaves were lower, but food utilization, conversion and relative metabolism were not significantly affected. Relative food ingestion, relative growth rate and other nutritional indicators of third instar larvae were significantly lower six days after the ingestion of ears and that of fifth instar larvae after three days. In vivo activity of carboxylesterase was decreased to a greater degree after three days when the larvae were fed on whorl leaves than ears, with no significant effect on fifth instar larvae. Furthermore, in vivo activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) of third instar larvae was significantly affected following the ingestion of whorl leaves. These results are discussed in the context of the literature on the resistance, a2_of transgenic plants and of improving the resistance of plants to attack by the different larval stages of insects., and Min Juan Shi, Pei Ling Lu, Xiao Li Shi, Yi Zhong Yang.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28. Effect of temperature on rate of development, survival and adult longevity of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
- Creator:
- Andreadis, Stefanos S., Spanoudis, Christos G., Zakka, Georgia, Aslanidou, Barbara, NoukariI, Sofia, and Savopoulou-Soultani, Matilda
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, makadlovkovití, přežití, motýli, Gelechiidae, survival, butterflies, Lepidoptera, potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella, constant temperatures, development, adult longevity, developmental threshold, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), both in the field and storehouses. The rate of development and survival of P. operculella, reared on potato tubers cv. Spunta at eight constant temperatures (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5 and 35°C), were studied in the laboratory. The duration of development of the immature stages was recorded. Adult longevity was also recorded under the same conditions. Developmental time decreased significantly with increase in temperature within the range 17.5-32.5°C. No development occurred at 35°C. Survival (%) from egg to adult was higher at temperatures within the range 17.5-27.5°C than at either 30 or 32.5°C. Linear and a non-linear (Logan I) models were fitted to our data in order to describe the developmental rate of the immature stages of P. operculella as a function of temperature and estimate the thermal constant (K) and critical temperatures (i.e., lower developmental threshold, optimum temperature for development, upper developmental threshold). Lower developmental threshold and optimum temperature for development ranged between 12.5-16.2 and 31.7-33.8°C, respectively. The estimated upper developmental threshold for total immature development was 35.0°C. Thermal constant for total development was 294.0 degree-days. Adult longevity was significantly shorter at high (30 and 32.5°C) than at low temperatures (17.5-27.5°C). Our results not only provide a broader insight into the thermal biology of P. operculella, but also can be used as an important tool in planning an effective pest control program both in the field and storehouses., Stefanos S. Andreadis, Christos G. Spanoudis, Georgia Zakka, Barbara Aslanidou, Sofia NoukariI, Matilda Savopoulou-Soultani., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29. Effects of larval diapause and the juvenile hormone analog, fenoxycarb, on testis development and spermatogenesis in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
- Creator:
- Bebas, Piotr, Bronisław Cymborowski, Kazek, Michalina, and Polanska, Marta Anna
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- motýli, zavíječovití, zavíječ voskový, spermatogeneze, butterflies, Pyralidae, Galleria mellonella, spermatogenesis, Lepidoptera, wax moth, juvenile hormone analogs, larval diapause, larval testes, vas deferens, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Facultative diapause in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, occurs in the final larval instar. Application of juvenile hormone analogs (JHAs) to the larvae of this species has similar effects to diapause, in terms of prolonged development of the larval stages and the arrest in the metamorphosis of internal organs. Here, we focus on testes development and spermatogenesis at the end of larval development in G. mellonella, how they are affected by diapause induced by an environmental decrease in temperature to 18°C and the application of a JHA (fenoxycarb) to larvae. Because neither testis development nor spermatogenesis are described in detail for this species, we examined them in individuals not in diapause during the period from the last larval instar to the newly emerged adult and present a timetable of changes that occur in the development of testes in this species. These observations have increased the very limited data on the course of spermatogenesis in pyralid insects. We then used these data for comparative analysis of testes in larvae from two experimental groups: individuals in diapause and those treated with fenoxycarb. The results on the general morphology testes revealed obvious degenerative changes caused by fenoxycarb (but not by diapause), including testicular wall hypertrophy and disarrangement of testicular follicles. Moreover, treatment with fenoxycarb finally resulted in the disintegration of nearly all testicular cyst-containing germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis, a situation never previously described in the literature. In contrast, the main effect of diapause on testes was merely the degeneration of spermatocytes in the proximal regions of the testicular follicles. Finally, the TUNEL analyses, revealed that the degenerative changes in germ cells were apoptotic in character in the testes of both individuals in diapause and fenoxycarb-treated males., Piotr Bebas, Bronislaw Cymborowski, Michalina Kazek, Marta Anna Polanska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
30. Effects on lepidopteran herbivores of feeding on leaves of transgenic birch (Betula pendula) expressing the sugar beet chitinase IV gene
- Creator:
- Vihervuori, Liisa, Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, Päivi, Lu, Jinrong, and Pasonen, Hanna-Leena
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae, Orgyia antiqua, Notodontidae, Phalera bucephala, Betula pendula, silver birch, chitinase, herbivory simulation by leaf wounding, insect herbivore, nutritional indices, transgenic tree, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Transgenic lines of silver birch (Betula pendula) carrying the sugar beet chitinase IV gene were used to study the effects of the heterologous expression of a transgenic chitinase on the performance of lepidopteran herbivores. The effect of wounding the leaves of birch on the performance of lepidopteran larvae and the growth of trees was also studied. Larvae of Orgyia antiqua L., Lymantriidae, and Phalera bucephala L., Notodontidae, were separately fed on the leaves of transgenic and wild-type birch, and their performance measured using nutritional indices. The relative growth rate (RGR) of O. antiqua larvae fed transgenic leaves was significantly lower than that of larvae fed wild-type leaves. Furthermore, there is little evidence that transgenic chitinase affects survival but it was lowest for the group of larvae fed leaves with the highest expression of chitinase IV. Wounding did not have a significant effect on the performance of the larvae or on the growth of the branches of the trees. The growth of branches of particular transgenic lines, however, was significantly associated with tree line. The performance of P. bucephala larvae fed leaves of transgenic and wild-type birches did not differ. The leaves used in both experiments from transgenic trees were shorter than those from wild-type trees. Using transgenic birch expressing sugar beet chitinase IV to improve the resistance of birch to fungal diseases can have negative effects on O. antiqua larvae feeding on the leaves of these birches. P. bucephala, however, was not similarly affected, which indicates that these two ecologically similar lepidopteran species may differ in their response to transgenic chitinase., Liisa Vihervuori ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public