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502. Muchničky - trapiči i ohrožené druhy
- Creator:
- Brúderová, Tatiana and Matúš Kúdela
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, hematofágní hmyz, entomology, bloodsucking insects, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Muchničky jsou známy v mnoha oblastech jako trapiči člověka i dobytka, ale také jako přenášeči parazitárních onemocnění, z nichž nejvýznamnější je říční slepota. Muchnička Simulium colombaschense byla v minulosti považována za jeden z nejnebezpečnějších druhů v rámci čeledi, protože na následky napádaní samičkami tohoto druhu uhynuly na Balkánském polostrově desetitisíce kusů dobytka. V současnosti se však zdá, že může být považována za ohrožený druh, především v důsledku regulace velkých řek. Podle předběžných výsledků analýzy polytenních chromozomů představuje S. colombaschense komplex druhů s menšími areály. Typová lokalita druhu S. colombaschesne byla zničena po přehrazení Dunaje v oblasti Železných vrat a následně z této oblasti postupně zmizelo i S. colombaschense. Podobný osud může v blízké době postihnout, nebo už postihl také další blízce příbuzné druhy z tohoto komplexu., Black flies (Simuliidae) are known in several areas as pests to humans and cattle, but also as transmitters of parasitic diseases, among which river blindness is the most important. In the past, the black fly Simulium colombaschense was considered to be one of the most dangerous species of the family, because it caused the death of tens of thousands of cattle in the Balkan peninsula. However, at present it seems that it can be considered an endangered species, especially due to large river regulation. Moreover, according to preliminary analysis of polytene chromosomes S. colombaschense is a complex of species with smaller distribution areas. The type locality of S. colombaschense was destroyed after the Danube was dammed in the Iron Gate region and subsequently S. colombaschense disappeared from this area. In the near future the same might possibly happen, or has already happened as to other species from this complex., and Tatiana Brúderová, Matúš Kúdela.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
503. Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) – an overview of distribution, biology and breeding
- Creator:
- Tikader, Amelendu, Vijaydan, Kunjupillai, and Saratchandra, Beera
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis, rearing, improvement, disease, grainage, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer) is endemic to Assam and adjoining areas in North-Eastern India, and naturally produces golden silk. From time immemorial, many ethnic and tribal groups have produced muga silk. Muga silkworms are mostly wild unlike the mulberry silkworm, which is completely domesticated. The muga silkworm is a single species with little genetic variation among populations, survives harsh climatic conditions and is subject to various diseases, pests and predators. Due to the high incidence of disease and natural enemies, and variations in climatic conditions, the production of muga silk has recently declined dramatically. In order to improve the productivity of this silkworm it is important to have a better knowledge of both its host plants and biology. Lack of knowledge of its genetics and host plants is a major bottleneck. This paper reviews various aspects of muga silkworm culture, including the availability of different populations, and methods used to select for improvement in survival, cocoon yield, disease resistance, conservation and egg production., Amelendu Tikader, Kunjupillai Vijayan, Beera Saratchandra., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
504. Multicoloniality in the highly polygynous ant Crematogaster pygmaea (Formicidae: Myrmicinae)
- Creator:
- Hamidi, Rachid, Debout, Gabriel, Heredia, Ana, Fournier, Denis, Quinet, Yves, and De Biseau, Jean-Christophe
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Formicidae, Myrmicinae, multicoloniality, polygyny, polydomy, Crematogaster pygmaea, context-dependent nestmate discrimination, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In social insects, the high variability in the number of queens per colony raises fundamental questions about the evolution of altruism. It is hypothesized, for instance, that nestmate recognition should be less efficient in polygynous than in monogynous colonies because the presence of several breeders increases the diversity of genetically determined recognition cues, leading to a less specific colonial signature. Recent studies, however, have shown that the link between the number of queens in a colony and the recognition abilities of its members is more complex than previously suggested. Here, we studied intraspecific aggression, diversity of potential recognition cues and genetic structure of colonies in the highly polygynous ant Crematogaster pygmaea. Our results reveal that workers of this species are clearly aggressive towards non-nestmates in field experiments but not in more artificial bioassays conducted in Petri dishes, underscoring the importance of context-dependent aspects of the assessment of nestmate recognition. Behavioural, genetic and chemical data show that C. pygmaea is a multicolonial species, forming spatially restricted and well-defined entities. Therefore, the postulated negative correlation between recognition ability of workers and queen number in a colony is not supported by the results of this study., Rachid Hamidi ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
505. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859) from symptomatic human infections in Slovenia
- Creator:
- Šoba, Barbara, Islamović, Sabina, Skvarč, Miha, and Cacciò, Simone M
- Format:
- electronic, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- asambláže, genotyp, epidemiologie, assemblages, genotype, epidemiology, giardiasis, molecular typing, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Giardiasis is a common gastrointestinal infection of humans and animals with a worldwide distribution. Eight genetic groups (known as assemblages A to H) are currently recognised within the species complex of Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859), of which assemblages A and B are responsible for infection of humans and other mammalian hosts. Genotyping data on giardiasis are not available from Slovenia. In this work, we have characterised isolates of G. duodenalis from 85 human symptomatic cases collected during 2002-2013. Genomic DNAs were first tested by a real-time (rt) PCR assay and then by conventional PCR at three loci (beta-giardin, bg; triose phosphate isomerase, tpi; and glutamate dehydrogenase, gdh). We found that the threshold cycle (Ct) values in rt-PCR testing were higher for samples collected during 2002-2005 and that this was paralleled by a low amplification rate in conventional PCR (6 of 32, i.e. 19%). In contrast, lower Ct values and higher amplification rate (45 of 53; 85%) were observed for samples collected during 2006-2013, suggesting an adverse effect of prolonged freezing of stools. Assemblages A and B were found with an almost identical frequency in the 51 genotyped samples. In agreement with previous studies, sequences from assemblage B isolates were characterised by larger genetic variability and by the presence of heterogeneous positions, which made assignment to specific genotypes difficult. Less variability was observed in sequences from assemblage A isolates, which belonged to the human-specific subassemblage AII. These data showed that the genotypes of G. duodenalis that circulate in humans in Slovenia are similar to those previously identified in Europe., Barbara Šoba, Sabina Islamović, Miha Skvarč, Simone M. Cacciò., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
506. Muniappan R., Reddy G.V.P. & Raman A.: Biological Control of Tropical Weeds using Arthropods
- Creator:
- Marcela Skuhravá
- Type:
- article, recenze, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- [autor recenze] M. Skuhravá.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
507. Můrovití - motýlí cestovatelé
- Creator:
- Zdeněk Laštůvka and Aleš Laštůvka
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, můrovití, entomology, Noctuidae, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Můrovití (Noctuidae) představují po obalečovitých (Tortricidae) druhou největší čeleď motýlů v České republice. Dosud bylo na našem území zaznamenáno kolem 430 druhů, ale mnohé z nich se zde nevyskytují trvale. Můrovití jsou obvykle velmi dobří a pohybliví letci, často mají tendenci kolonizovat nová území. Řada druhů žijících v jiných částech Evropy byla zaznamenána pouze v jednom nebo omezeném počtu exemplářů (zhruba 20 druhů), jiné jsou pravidelnými migranty (13 druhů), někteří zástupci se v současnosti šíří (asi 10 druhů), zatímco jiní jsou na ústupu (5–6 druhů), nebo mají proměnlivou hranici areálu. V článku naleznete příklady druhů z uvedených skupin, s diskuzí současného nebo historického stavu., Owlet moths (Noctuidae) are after leafrollers (Tortricidae) the second largest family of butterflies and moths in the Czech Republic. So far, about 430 species have been recorded, but many of them do not occur permanently in the area. Owlet moths are usually very good and highly mobile fliers, often with a tendency to colonize new territories. Some species living in other parts of Europe have been registered in only one or a limited number of individuals (about 20 species), others are regular migrants (13 species). While some species are currently spreading (about 10 species), others are retreating (5–6 species), or the boundaries of their ranges are unstable. Examples of these groups are given and discussed., and Zdeněk Laštůvka, Aleš Laštůvka.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
508. Musculoskeletal and nervous systems of the attachment organ in three species of Diplectanum (Monogenea: Dactylogyroidea)
- Creator:
- Petrov, Anatoly A, Dmitrieva, Evgenija V, Popyuk, Maryana P, Gerasev, Pavel I, and Petrov, Sergey A
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- parazitologie, parasitology, Monopisthocotylea, musculature, haptor, phalloidin, 5HT, FMRFamide, squamodisc, anchor, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The taxonomy of Diplectanum Diesing, 1858, a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, remains unsettled and needs to be revised based on new morphological criteria. Recent studies in monopisthocotyleans have shown that the muscle arrangement in the posterior attachment organ (haptor) differs between congeneric species and can be used as an additional criterion in genus-level taxonomy. To explore the possibility of using the haptoral musculature and nervous system in the taxonomy of Diplectanum, we conducted a detailed confocal-microscopy study of three species of Diplectanum (D. aculeatum Parona et Perugia, 1889, D. sciaenae van Beneden et Hesse, 1863 and D. similis Bychowsky, 1957) with phalloidin staining for muscle and indirect immunostaining for 5HT and FMRFamide. A further goal was to clarify the functional mechanics of the haptor and the role of its essential components (squamodiscs and anchors) in attachment to the host. The system of connecting bars and gaffing anchors was found to have a complex musculature consisting of 23 muscles in D. aculeatum and D. sciaenae, and 21 muscles in D. similis. The squamodiscs were shown to be operated by several groups of muscles attached primarily to the area termed the squamodisc fulcrum. Most of the haptoral musculature is identical in D. aculeatum and D. sciaenae and these species differ only in the presence of a muscle sheath around the tissue strand between the squamodiscs in D. sciaenae and in the different patterns of superficial squamodisc muscles. Diplectanum similis shows more significant differences from the other two species: besides lacking two of the haptoral muscles, it also differs in the shapes and arrangement of several other muscles. The nervous system of all three species conforms to the general pattern typical for the Dactylogyroidea and shows little variation between species., Anatoly A. Petrov, Evgenija V. Dmitrieva, Maryana P. Popyuk, Pavel I. Gerasev, Sergey A. Petrov., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
509. Myxobolus pseudowulii sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), a new skin parasite of yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson) and redescription of Myxobolus voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960)
- Creator:
- Zhang, Bo, Zhai, Yanhua, Liu, Yang, and Gu, Zemao
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fylogeneze, morfologie (biologie), histologie, phylogeny, morphology (biology), histology, Čína, China, ssrRNA, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Two species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 were found in yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson). A species of Myxobolus infecting the gills was morphologically identified as Myxobolus voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960) and it was characterised here with additional morphological and molecular data. The other species of Myxobolus infecting the host's skin did not conform to any known myxosporean species. It is characterised by the presence of round, black or milky white plasmodia with black spots. Myxospores are pyriform in frontal view and lemon-shaped in lateral view, measuring 12.9-16.2 μm (14.6 ± 0.7 μm) in length, 8.1-10.8 μm (9.4 ± 0.5 μm) in width, and 6.1-8.1 μm (7.0 ± 0.4 μm) in thickness. Two ampullaceous polar capsules are slightly unequal in size, larger polar capsule 7.2-9.5 μm (7.9 ± 0.4 μm) long by 3.0-3.9 μm (3.5 ± 0.2 μm) wide, smaller capsule 6.9-8.0 μm (7.4 ± 0.3 μm) long by 2.9-3.9 μm (3.4 ± 0.2 μm) wide. Polar filaments are coiled with seven to nine turns. Histologically, the plasmodia develop in the stratum spongiosum of skin dermis, resulting in epithelial cell shedding and immunological cell infiltration. Given the morphological and molecular differences between this species and other species of Myxobolus, we proposed the name of Myxobolus pseudowulii sp. n. for this parasite from the skin of yellow catfish. Interestingly, some spores of the new species possess Henneguya-like caudal appendages. Phylogenetically, M. pseudowulii sp. n. and M. voremkhai infecting yellow catfish group together in one clade with other parasites of Siluriformes, indicating that parasites clustering according to the fish host order may be an important factor affecting the evolution of species within the Myxobolus clade., Bo Zhang, Yanhua Zhai, Yang Liu, Zemao Gu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
510. Myxobolus taibaiensis sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infecting the intestinal wall of common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus in China
- Creator:
- Liu, Xinhua, Hua, Congjie, Zhang, Qianqian, Zhao, Yuanli, Zhang, Dong, and Zhang, Jinyong
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- kaprovití, střeva, Cyprinidae, intestines, common carp, circular muscle layer, Yangtze River, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Myxobolus taibaiensis sp. n. was found in the inner intestinal wall of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, during the investigation of fish parasite fauna in Lake Taibai, located in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China. The whitish ellipsoidal plasmodia, up to 2.9 mm long and 1.7 mm wide, developed in the circular muscle layer of the intestinal wall and produced significant compression into adjacent tissues, but no significant inflammatory responses were observed against this infection. Mature spores are oval in frontal view and lemon-like in lateral and apical view, averaging 10.2-11.2 µm (10.8 ± 0.2 µm) in length, 9.1-9.9 µm (9.6 ± 0.2 µm) in width and 6.1-6.6 µm (6.3 ± 0.1 µm) in thickness. Polar capsules are pyriform, equal in size, slightly converging anteriorly, measuring 4.4-5.4 µm (5.0 ± 0.2 µm) in length by 3.2-3.6 µm (3.4 ± 0.1 µm) in width. Polar filaments coiled with four to five turns and arranged perpendicular to the polar capsule length, measuring up to 106 µm. Myxobolus taibaiensis sp. n. is morphologically similar to Myxobolus rotundatus Achmerov, 1956 which also infects the inner wall of the intestine of common carp. However, the small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence identity was only 94%, generally beyond the intraspecies variation in the genus. Phylogenetically, this new species is sister to M. rotundatus and then clusters with M. shantungensis Hu, 1965 to form an independent common carp-infecting cluster within the Henneguya-Myxobolus clade., Xinhua Liu, Congjie Hua, Qianqian Zhang, Yuanli Zhao, Dong Zhang, Jinyong Zhang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public