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422. Polygalacturonase gene expression and enzymatic activity in salivary glands of laboratory reared and wild populations of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae)
- Creator:
- Fleming, Daniel, Krishnan, Natraj, and Musser, Fred
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, polokřídlí, klopuškovití, bavlna, genová exprese, slinné žlázy, Hemiptera, Miridae, cotton, gene expression, salivary glands, Lygus lineolaris, polygalacturonase, enzyme activity, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) (tarnished plant bug) is a serious pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Delta region as compared to cotton in the Hills region of the state of Mississippi in USA. The reason for this is unclear but it was hypothesized that the plant cell wall degrading polygalacturonase enzyme system in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris from the Delta could be better adapted for cotton, which is grown more predominantly in the Delta region than in the Hills region. Expression analysis of three primary polygalacturonase genes (LlPG1, LlPG2 and LlPG3) was conducted in laboratory reared and field collected populations of L. lineolaris. Assay of polygalacturonase enzyme activity was also conducted to compare wild collected populations. Initial laboratory and field data revealed gene expression differences in sex, age, region, and host plant which guided the direction of our subsequent study during 2013 and 2014. Based on the results of this study, we propose that the three genes studied may not be reflective of the entire polygalacturonase enzyme system and may not be solely responsible for the observed adaptation of L. lineolaris to cotton in the Delta region than in the Hills region. Analyses also revealed that the expression of the three targeted polygalacturonase genes was affected by the host plant from which the insects were collected and that adults had higher polygalacturonase expression than nymphs. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence for developmental stage specific and host plant based change in expression of PG genes in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris. This, however, was not reflected in total polygalacturonase enzyme activity which was not significantly different between regions, hosts, sex, or developmental stage., Daniel Fleming, Natraj Krishnan, Fred Musser., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
423. Polyphagous predatory rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) induce winged morphs in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
- Creator:
- Balog, Adalbert, Mehrparvar, Mohsen, and Weisser, Woflgang W.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Staphylinidae, Drusilla canaliculata, Tachyporus hypnorum, Aphididae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, aphid polyphenism, predator-prey interaction, rove beetles, maternal effects, induced defence, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A number of aphid species have been shown to produce winged dispersal morphs in the presence of natural enemies. Previous studies tested specialized aphid predators such as ladybirds or lacewing larvae. We confronted colonies of pea aphids with the polyphagous rove beetles, Drusilla canaliculata and Tachyporus hypnorum. For both predators we found that the percentage of winged morphs increased in predator-attacked pea aphid colonies compared to a control. The behaviour of the two rove beetles species was noticeably different. D. canaliculata mostly foraged on the ground and rarely on the plant, while T. hypnorum was almost exclusively observed on the plants, causing a higher number of aphids to drop to the ground, which resulted in a stronger increase in winged morph production. Our results clearly show that not only monophagous aphid predators but also more polyphagous insect predators, which include aphids in their diet, can induce aphids to produce winged morphs., Adalbert Balog, Mohsen Mehrparvar, Wolfgang W. Weisser., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
424. Polyploidie u ryb
- Creator:
- Martin Flajšhans and Petr Ráb
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, ryby, obojživelníci, plazi, molekulární biologie, virologie, imunologie, fyziologie, genetika, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, molecular biology, virology, immunology, physiology, genetics, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Polyploidie je důležitým evolučním mechanismem přispívajícím k biodiverzitě současných ryb a také významným nástrojem v akvakultuře. Tento článek podává přehled o mechanismech vzniku polyploidie a o kauzálním vztahu mezi hybridizačními událostmi a zvýšením stupně ploidie. Uvádí rovněž příklady využití specifických vlastností polyploidů v akvakultuře., Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism contributing to the biodiversity of extant fishes, and it also represents a notable tool in aquaculture. This paper reviews the mechanisms by means of which polyploidy arises and the causal relationship between hybridisation events and elevation of the ploidy level. Utilization of specific traits of polyploids in aquaculture is also discussed., Martin Flajšhans, Petr Ráb., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
425. Population dynamics, seasonality and aphid prey of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in an urban park in central Japan
- Creator:
- Kawakami, Yasuko, Yamazaki, Kazuo, and Ohashi, Kazunori
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, brouci, slunéčkovití, mšice, beetles, Coccinellidae, aphids, Coleoptera, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, climate conditions, ladybird beetle, life cycle, urban vegetation, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), has been extending its distribution in and around urban areas at higher latitudes in Japan over the past 100 years. Between 2003 and 2011, we investigated the seasonal occurrence, aphid prey and population dynamics of this species in an urban park in Osaka City, central Japan. We found that C. sexmaculata completes three generations a year in Osaka. Overwintered adults emerge in March or April and produce two (or rarely one) generations by summer. Second-generation adults aestivate and subsequently produce another generation in autumn. This species feeds on five species of aphids that infest planted shrubs and alien weeds throughout the vegetative season. We analyzed the association between accumulated temperature and when overwintered adults first emerged. In addition, we determined the association between their time of emergence, peak abundance and last occurrence, and meteorological conditions. There was no association between the sum of effective temperatures and termination of adult overwintering. There was, however, an association between first occurrence and peak abundance, and climatic conditions, such as warm temperatures or low humidity. This species maintained a stable population in an urban park by becoming quiescent when climatic conditions were unfavourable or prey was scarce. We discussed these findings in relation to urban environmental factors, such as climate, food conditions and vegetation., Yasuko Kawakami, Kazuo Yamazaki, Kazunori Ohashi., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
426. Population structures of three Calliptamus spp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) across the Western Mediterranean Basin
- Creator:
- Lecoq, Michel, Sword, Gregory A., Pages, Christine, Bondin, Laurence, Billot, Claire, Rivallan, Ronan, Foucart, Antoine, Vassal, Jean-Michel, Risterucci, Ange-Marie, and Chapuis, Marie-Pierre
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Orthoptera, Acrididae, Calliptamus, population genetic, microsatellite, closely related species, potential pests, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We conducted a comparative population genetic analysis of levels of genetic variation and its geographical structuring in three closely related species of grasshopper that co-occur in the Mediterranean Basin: Calliptamus italicus, C. barbarus and C. wattenwylianus. In the western part of their distributions 5 populations of C. italicus, 13 of C. barbarus and 10 of C. wattenwylianus were sampled. Bootstrap re-sampling of populations and microsatellite loci within each species indicated a lower level of genetic diversity and higher level of genetic differentiation in C. barbarus, which is less of an outbreak pest species than either of the other Calliptamus species studied. This may be due to lower effective sizes of non-outbreak populations and/or lower gene flow among them., Elodie Blanchet ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
427. Potravní vazby herbivorního hmyzu - nástroj pro hodnocení biotopů a krajiny
- Creator:
- Pavel Špryňar and Jaromír Strejček
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, býložraví, biotopy, krajina, hmyz, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- High host specificity and dependence on the host plants are common attributes of herbivorous insects. Their usage in ecosystem studies and landscape assessment is shown by examples from a group of Central European weevils and leaf beetles. Biodiversity can be assessed from the degree of completeness of present herbivore feeding guilds. Wingless species with narrow habitat requirements can be used as good bioindicators of relic natural habitats. and Pavel Špryňar, Jaromír Strejček.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
428. Pozitivní zpětná vazba podporuje invazi vodní bezkořenné rostliny bublinatky nadmuté
- Creator:
- Lubomír Adamec
- Type:
- article, zprávy, reports, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, vodní rostliny, hydrobotanika, ekologie, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Lubomír Adamec.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
429. Poznámka k sezonní homochromii kněžice trávozelené
- Creator:
- Lubomír Hanel and Hanelová, Jana
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, fauna, zbarvení živočichů, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms, either by predation strategy or antipredator adaptation. Many animals have evolved to visually resemble their surroundings by changing their colour. These changes can be experimentally provoked by altering physical parameters (such as humidity) during the development of the nymphs, and also depend on the type of food they consume. This report illustrates coloration changes of the Green Shield Bug (Palomena prasina) during autumn, on specimens caught at the nearby town of Vlašim (Central Bohemia). We recorded the shortest time for the imagos to change color (from bright green to uniform brown) as nine days in an experimental insecta - rium. The rate of color change was influenced by air temperature. The brown colour is evidently an indicator of the diapause. and Lubomír Hanel, Jana Hanelová.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
430. Poznámka k zásnubnímu chování užovky podplamaté
- Creator:
- Jiří Moravec
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, plazi, hadi, užovka, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- In suitable habitats the population density of the Dice Snake (Natrix tessellata) can be obviously higher than the density of other central European snakes. Under such conditions the Dice Snakes can form larger aggregations of mating individuals, in which male-male mating competition takes place. Dice Snake mating aggregations observed in the Ohře river valley are described and the mating strategy of males and female is discussed. Special attention is paid to mating in above-ground positions, e.g. on trees. and Jiří Moravec.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public