The Moon is our nearest celestial body, small variations of its motion are easy to observe. Ptolemy described the ecliptic longitude inequality in lunar motion, now known as the evection. From Ptolemy to the time of Newton the motion of the Moon was determined using kinematic models. The first qualitative dynamic model was published in Principia, where Newton showed that evection is a periodic inequality caused by the attraction of the Sun., Vladimír Štefl., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article is divided into three parts. The first section summarizes the key scientific contributions of Niels Bohr and also clarifies selected misleading interpretation concerning the so-called Copenhagen interpretation of complementarity. The second part shows Bohr as the thinker who solved scientific problems in light of a cross-disciplinary search. Furthermore, the section presents the atmosphere of the so-called Copenhagen spirit that reigned in Bohr‘s Institute for Theoretical Physics. The last part deals with Bohr as a director of the Institute and the development or transformations of the Institute from its foundation in 1920 till the beginning of the Second World War., Filip Grygar., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The first part of the article outlines Bohr's complementary way of thinking with which he amongst others approached the solution of atomic events in his three famous articles On the constitution of atoms and molecules from 1913. It also shows Bohr not only as a physicist, but as an interdisciplinary thinker and philanthropist. The second part gives a summary of the conference commemorating the centenar of the Bohr model of the atom, which claims to at least to partially for some gaps in the perception of this remarkable figure., Výklad stability atomu podal Niels Bohr ve svých třech stěžejních článcích nazvaných O konstituci atomů a molekul v roce 1913. V nich jedinečným způsobem aplikoval na Rutherfordův model atomu dosud nespojované předpoklady (klasické předpoklady a Planckovu kvantovou hypotézu nebo Balmerovu-Rydbergovu konstantu). To mu umožnilo podat vysvětlení čárového spektra (nejenom) vodíku a v neposlední řadě ho jeho teorie dovedla až k revolučnímu pojetí struktury molekul. V české odborné a laicky zainteresované veřejnosti tak přetrvává představa Bohra především jako fyzika nebo jen strůjce modelu atomu vodíku. Takový obraz o Bohrovi je velmi zavádějící. Ve fyzice Bohr dosáhl řady dalších významných příspěvků a současně byl interdisciplinárním myslitelem, jenž se zabýval filosofií, psychologií, biologií nebo jazykem. Nárokem konference ke stému výročí Bohrova modelu atomu tak bylo alespoň zčásti zaplnit některá bílá místa ve vnímání této pozoruhodné osobnosti., Patrik Čermák, Filip Grygar., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In this article the development of blue light emitting diodes (LEDs, awarded by the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2014) is described from the point of view of material science and technology. Further, both challenges and benefits from the use of gallium nitride for LEDs are discussed in the article., Josef Stejskal, Jindřich Leitner, Zdeněk Sofer., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The Nobel prize in physics was in 2013 awarded to Belgian theorist François Englert and English theorist Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN´s Large Hadron Collider"., Tomáš Blažek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We summarise the important steps and breakthroughs since the first solar neutrino detection by Raymond Davis, Jr. and the subsequent confusion known as the "solar neutrino puzzle", to the two key experiments (Super-K and SNO) that made it very clear that neutrinos, the lightest and most elusive of leptons, undergo a peculiar quantum-mechanical transformation along the path from their source to the detector. To that end, we attempt to describe the basic experimental techniques that made these discoveries possible as well as the important features of the theoretical picture, which subsequently emerged during the same period. and Michal Malinský.