Phonological networks are representations of word forms and their phonological relationships with other words in a given language lexicon. A principle underlying the growth (or evolution) of those networks is preferential attachment, or the ‘rich-gets-richer’ mechanisms, according to which words with many phonological neighbors (or links) are the main beneficiaries of future growth opportunities. Due to their limited number of words, language lexica constitute node-constrained networks where growth cannot keep increasing in a linear way; hence, preferential attachment is likely mitigated by certain factors. The present study investigated aging effects (i.e., a word’s finite time span of being active in terms of growth) in an evolving phonological network of English as a second language. It was found that phonological neighborhoods are constructed by one large initial lexical spurt, followed by sublinear growth spurts that eventually lead to very limited growth in later lexical spurts during network evolution, all the while obeying the law of preferential attachment. An analysis of the strength of phonological relationships between phonological word forms revealed a tendency to attach more distant phonological neighbors in the lower proficiency levels, while phonologically more similar neighbors enter phonological neighborhoods at more advanced levels of English as a second language. Overall, the findings suggest an aging effect in growth that favors younger words. In addition, beginning learners seem to prefer the acquisition of phonological neighbors that are easier to discriminate. Implications for the second language lexicon include leveraged learning mechanisms, learning bouts focussed on a smaller range of phonological segments, and involve questions concerning lexical processing in aging networks.
We defined 58 dramatic situations and annotated them in 19 play scripts. Then we selected only 5 well-recognized dramatic situations and annotated further 33 play scripts. In this version of the data, we release only play scripts that can be freely distributed, which is 9 play scripts. One play is annotated independently by three annotators.
We defined 58 dramatic situations and annotated them in 19 play scripts. Then we selected only 5 well-recognized dramatic situations and annotated further 33 play scripts. In the previous (first) version, we released 9 play scripts that could be freely distributed. In this (second) version of the data, we are adding another 10 plays for which we have obtained licenses from authors. In total, there are 19 play scripts available, and one of them is annotated three times - independently by three annotators.
Data
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Bengali Visual Genome (BVG for short) 1.0 has similar goals as Hindi Visual Genome (HVG) 1.1: to support the Bengali language. Bengali Visual Genome 1.0 is the multi-modal dataset in Bengali for machine translation and image
captioning. Bengali Visual Genome is a multimodal dataset consisting of text and images suitable for English-to-Bengali multimodal machine translation tasks and multimodal research. We follow the same selection of short English segments (captions) and the associated images from Visual Genome as HGV 1.1 has. For BVG, we manually translated these captions from English to Bengali taking the associated images into account. The manual translation is performed by the native Bengali speakers without referring to any machine translation system.
The training set contains 29K segments. Further 1K and 1.6K segments are provided in development and test sets, respectively, which follow the same (random) sampling from the original Hindi Visual Genome. A third test set is
called the ``challenge test set'' and consists of 1.4K segments. The challenge test set was created for the WAT2019 multi-modal task by searching for (particularly) ambiguous English words based on the embedding similarity and
manually selecting those where the image helps to resolve the ambiguity. The surrounding words in the sentence however also often include sufficient cues to identify the correct meaning of the ambiguous word.
Dataset Formats
---------------
The multimodal dataset contains both text and images.
The text parts of the dataset (train and test sets) are in simple tab-delimited plain text files.
All the text files have seven columns as follows:
Column1 - image_id
Column2 - X
Column3 - Y
Column4 - Width
Column5 - Height
Column6 - English Text
Column7 - Bengali Text
The image part contains the full images with the corresponding image_id as the file name. The X, Y, Width and Height columns indicate the rectangular region in the image described by the caption.
Data Statistics
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The statistics of the current release are given below.
Parallel Corpus Statistics
--------------------------
Dataset Segments English Words Bengali Words
---------- -------- ------------- -------------
Train 28930 143115 113978
Dev 998 4922 3936
Test 1595 7853 6408
Challenge Test 1400 8186 6657
---------- -------- ------------- -------------
Total 32923 164076 130979
The word counts are approximate, prior to tokenization.
Citation
--------
If you use this corpus, please cite the following paper:
@inproceedings{hindi-visual-genome:2022,
title= "{Bengali Visual Genome: A Multimodal Dataset for Machine Translation and Image Captioning}",
author={Sen, Arghyadeep
and Parida, Shantipriya
and Kotwal, Ketan
and Panda, Subhadarshi
and Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej
and Dash, Satya Ranjan},
editor={Satapathy, Suresh Chandra
and Peer, Peter
and Tang, Jinshan
and Bhateja, Vikrant
and Ghosh, Anumoy},
booktitle= {Intelligent Data Engineering and Analytics},
publisher= {Springer Nature Singapore},
address= {Singapore},
pages = {63--70},
isbn = {978-981-16-6624-7},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-16-6624-7_7},
}
Annotated dataset consisting of personal designations found on websites of 42 German, Austrian, Swiss and South Tyrolean cities. Our goal is to re-evaluate the websites every year in order to see how the use of gender-fair language develops over time. The dataset contains coordinates for the creation of map material.
Data
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Hausa Visual Genome 1.0, a multimodal dataset consisting of text and images suitable for English-to-Hausa multimodal machine translation tasks and multimodal research. We follow the same selection of short English segments (captions) and the associated images from Visual Genome as the dataset Hindi Visual Genome 1.1 has. We automatically translated the English captions to Hausa and manually post-edited, taking the associated images into account.
The training set contains 29K segments. Further 1K and 1.6K segments are provided in development and test sets, respectively, which follow the same (random) sampling from the original Hindi Visual Genome.
Additionally, a challenge test set of 1400 segments is available for the multi-modal task. This challenge test set was created in Hindi Visual Genome by searching for (particularly) ambiguous English words based on the embedding similarity and manually selecting those where the image helps to resolve the ambiguity.
Dataset Formats
-----------------------
The multimodal dataset contains both text and images.
The text parts of the dataset (train and test sets) are in simple tab-delimited plain text files.
All the text files have seven columns as follows:
Column1 - image_id
Column2 - X
Column3 - Y
Column4 - Width
Column5 - Height
Column6 - English Text
Column7 - Hausa Text
The image part contains the full images with the corresponding image_id as the file name. The X, Y, Width, and Height columns indicate the rectangular region in the image described by the caption.
Data Statistics
--------------------
The statistics of the current release are given below.
Parallel Corpus Statistics
-----------------------------------
Dataset Segments English Words Hausa Words
---------- -------- ------------- -----------
Train 28930 143106 140981
Dev 998 4922 4857
Test 1595 7853 7736
Challenge Test 1400 8186 8752
---------- -------- ------------- -----------
Total 32923 164067 162326
The word counts are approximate, prior to tokenization.
Citation
-----------
If you use this corpus, please cite the following paper:
@InProceedings{abdulmumin-EtAl:2022:LREC,
author = {Abdulmumin, Idris
and Dash, Satya Ranjan
and Dawud, Musa Abdullahi
and Parida, Shantipriya
and Muhammad, Shamsuddeen
and Ahmad, Ibrahim Sa'id
and Panda, Subhadarshi
and Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej
and Galadanci, Bashir Shehu
and Bello, Bello Shehu},
title = "{Hausa Visual Genome: A Dataset for Multi-Modal English to Hausa Machine Translation}",
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
month = {June},
year = {2022},
address = {Marseille, France},
publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
pages = {6471--6479},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.694}
}
The MLASK corpus consists of 41,243 multi-modal documents – video-based news articles in the Czech language – collected from Novinky.cz (https://www.novinky.cz/) and Seznam Zprávy (https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/). It was introduced in "MLASK: Multimodal Summarization of Video-based News Articles" (Krubiński & Pecina, EACL 2023). The articles' publication dates range from September 2016 to February 2022.
The intended use case of the dataset is to model the task of multimodal summarization with multimodal output: based on a pair of a textual article and a short video, a textual summary is generated, and a single frame from the video is chosen as a pictorial summary.
Each document consists of the following:
- a .mp4 video
- a single image (cover picture)
- the article's text
- the article's summary
- the article's title
- the article's publication date
All of the videos are re-sampled to 25 fps and resized to the same resolution of 1280x720p. The maximum length of the video is 5 minutes, and the shortest one is 7 seconds. The average video duration is 86 seconds.
The quantitative statistics of the lengths of titles, abstracts, and full texts (measured in the number of tokens) are below. Q1 and Q3 denote the first and third quartiles, respectively.
/ - / mean / Q1 / Median / Q3 /
/ Title / 11.16 ± 2.78 / 9 / 11 / 13 /
/ Abstract / 33.40 ± 13.86 / 22 / 32 / 43 /
/ Article / 276.96 ± 191.74 / 154 / 231 / 343 /
The proposed training/dev/test split follows the chronological ordering based on publication data. We use the articles published in the first half (Jan-Jun) of 2021 for validation (2,482 instances) and the ones published in the second half (Jul-Dec) of 2021 and the beginning (Jan-Feb) of 2022 for testing (2,652 instances). The remaining data is used for training (36,109 instances).
The textual data is shared as a single .tsv file. The visual data (video+image) is shared as a single archive for validation and test splits, and the one from the training split is partitioned based on the publication date.
Input data, individual experimental annotations, and a complete and detailed overview of the measured results related to the experiment described in the referenced paper.
Simple question answering database version 3.2 (SQAD v3.2) created from Czech Wikipedia. The new version consists of more than 16000 records. Each record of SQAD consists of multiple files - question, answer extraction, answer selection, URL, question metadata, and in some cases, answer context.
The corpus contains recordings by the native speakers of the North Levantine Arabic (apc) acquired during 2020, 2021, and 2023 in Prague, Paris, Kabardia, and St. Petersburg. Altogether, there were 13 speakers (9 male and 4 female, aged 1x 15-20, 7x 20-30, 4x 30-40, and 1x 40-50).
The recordings contain both monologues and dialogues on the topics of everyday life (health, education, family life, sports, culture) as well as information on both host countries (living abroad) and country of origin (Syria traditions, education system, etc.). Both types are spontaneous, the participants were given only the general subject and talked on the topic or discussed it freely. The transcription and translation team consisted of students of Arabic at Charles University, with an additional quality check provided by the native speakers of the dialect.
The textual data is split between the (parallel) transcriptions (.apc) and translations (.eng), with one segment per line. The additional .yaml file provides mapping to the corresponding audio file (with the duration and offset in the "%S.%03d" format, i.e., seconds and milliseconds) and a unique speaker ID.
The audio data is shared in the 48kHz .wav format, with dialogues and monologues in separate folders. All of the recordings are mono, with a single channel. For dialogues, there is a separate file for each speaker, e.g., "Tar_13052022_Czechia-01.wav" and "Tar_13052022_Czechia-02.wav".
The data provided in this repository corresponds to the validation split of the dialectal Arabic to English shared task hosted at the 21st edition of the International Conference on Spoken Language Translation, i.e., IWSLT 2024.