The study introduces the figure of Jan Železný - the bishop of Litomyšl (1388-1418) and Olomouc (1416/18-1430), administrator of the Prague diocese (1421-1430) and Cardinal Priest of the Title of St Cyriac (1426-1430), who is one of the most famous Bohemian opponents of Master Jan Hus and the Bohemian Reformation. Emphasis is placed on following the relationship of Jan Železný to King of Hungary, later of the Romans and Bohemia, Sigismund. This relationship began deep in the reign of Wenceslas IV, when Jan Železný was among the noble opposition to Wenceslas and therefore cooperated with the King of Hungary, but it acquired a new intensity in the context of the death of Jan Hus and particularly in connection with the wars of Sigismund against the Hussites. In the first half of the 1420s, Jan Železný was an important link in Sigismund´s military coalition, but in the second half of the 1420s he had to go into exile at Sigismund´s court and following the intentions of Pope Martin V he attempted to stop the new course of Sigismund´s Hussite policy., Petr Elbel., and Obsahuje seznam pramenů a odkazy pod čarou
The article is devoted to the ways of determining the directions in the texts from the Czechlands written between the 12th and 14th centuries and focuses on an analysis of two types of texts of different character and purpose - chronicles and charters. It first describes the symbolic meaning of the cardinal directions in medieval culture and traces its reflection in the texts from the Czech milieu. It follows the loss of the symbolic meaning of the cardinal directions in the later period and vulgarisation of the usage of their titles, which is manifested in the function of the descriptions of detailed situations dealing with everyday life. The author further deals with the other ways of marking certain directions, the most natural of which is perhaps marking according to the right and left hands. and Tomáš Klimek.