An excessive, irritable, productive or non-productive coughing
associated with airway inflammation belongs to pathological
cough. Increased activation of airway vagal nociceptors in
pathological conditions results from dysregulation of the neural
pathway that controls cough. A variety of mediators associated
with airway inflammation overstimulate these vagal airway fibers
including C-fibers leading to hypersensitivity and hyperreactivity.
Because current antitussives have limited efficacy and unwanted
side effects there is a continual demand for the development of
a novel more effective antitussives for a new efficacious and safe
cough treatment. Therefore, inhibiting the activity of these vagal
C-fibers represents a rational approach to the development of
effective antitussive drugs. This may be achieved by blocking
inflammatory mediator receptors or by blocking the generator
potential associated with the specific ion channels. Because
voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are absolutely required for
action potentials initiation and conduction irrespective of the
stimulus, NaVs become a promising neural target. There is
evidence that NaV1.7, 1.8 and 1.9 subtypes are predominantly
expressed in airway cough-triggering nerves. The advantage of
blocking these NaVs is suppressing C-fiber irrespective to stimuli,
but the disadvantage is that by suppressing the nerves is may
also block beneficial sensations and neuronal reflex behavior. The
concept is that new antitussive drugs would have the benefit of
targeting peripheral airway nociceptors without inhibiting the
protective cough reflex.
The Purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of combined treatment for III AB stage of nonsmallcell lung cancer. Nonsmallcell lung cancer spread form treatment is disputable. Operation is not final solution. The combined treatment is being tested (in clinical trials) in this study. This article argues that a combination of treatment is a better option than that of a specific treatment. However, there is a need to find new effective options for combined treatment., Akhat Bukenov, Elena Gizbrekht, Ergaly Shauenov, Bekzhan Orazbayev, Kalmurat Razzakov, and Literatura
A survey of the species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate from sticklebacks (Actinopterygii: Gasterosteidae) is provided. The occurrence of three species in North America is confirmed: (i) Proteocephalus filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802), which has been reported from the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, in the northeastern part of North America (Newfoundland); (ii) Proteocephalus pugetensis Hoff et Hoff, 1929 occurs also in G. aculeatus, but in northwestern North America (British Columbia and Washington); and (iii) Proteocephalus culaeae sp. n., which is described from the brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Kirtland), in Manitoba (Canada). Another species, Proteocephalus ambiguus (Dujardin, 1845), a specific parasite of the nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus), and type species of the genus, has also been found in North America (Alberta, Canada), but its vouchers are in poor condition and cannot be reliable assigned to this species. Both species reported from three-spined stickleback differ from each other by the shape of the scolex (rounded in P. filicollis versus continuously tapered towards the anterior extremity in P. pugetensis) and the apical sucker (widely oval to subspherical in frontal view in P. filicollis versus flattened in P. pugetensis). Proteocephalus culaeae sp. n. is characterised by a short body composed of a few, continuously widened proglottids, a short scolex narrower than the strobila and devoid of an apical sucker, a short, pyriform cirrus sac, no vaginal sphincter, and few testes. A key to species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate from sticklebacks is provided.
The angelology found in the Hị kmat al-ishrāq of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī al-Maqtūl (d. 1191) has been the source of much debate. In many of his studies of Suhrawardian philosophy, Henry Corbin stresses the Persian influence on al-Suhrawardī’s thought, especially Suhrawardian angelology. Al-Suhrawardī does refer to Zoroastrianism in his introduction to the Hị kmat al-ishrāq, but to what extent is his angelology Zoroastrian? Does the use of Zoroastrian terminology and vocabulary mean that the angelology is Zoroastrian? This paper will explore Suhrawardian angelology, attempting to place it in context and to assess its provenance. It will be seen that the potential influences on his angelology are far wider than scholars, such as Corbin, have suggested in the past. Although focusing on al-Suhrawardī’s Hị kmat al-ishrāq, his use of angels in his other works will also be considered.
The developed and tested part of the scalable benchmark code, the
Pythagorean triples core, has been applied to the platform system of a scalable number of processors. The measurement has been performed on the system cluster consisting of 16 Pentium CPUs. The number of nodes of selected subclusters of an equivalent or a different performance of CPUs is scaled by the factor of 2. The core has been running in different conditions (homogeneous subcluster, heterogeneous subcluster, computationally free nodes and/or occupied nodes, etc.). A group of four measurements of the scalable number of processors has been selected and displayed in four characteristic blocks of the elapsed time Windows comparable with those of the previous paper. The characteristic exponential curves fit well to the measured points under the normal conditions of task run. The maximum deviations of the two exponential parameters in all presented cases do not exceed 5 percent.
The paper reviews existing data on the food quality of cereal aphids for generalist predators. Data are presented for spiders, harvestmen, carabid and staphylinid beetles, cockroaches, ants and one species of bird. All results agree that cereal aphids are low-quality food compared to alternative prey types (in most studies fruit flies). This is associated both with a low consumption capacity for aphids and a low utilization efficiency of the aphid food. A pure aphid diet allows full juvenile development in only a few species. Aphids as part of mixed diets can have negative, neutral or positive effects, which depends on the quality of the remaining diet. The low consumption capacity for aphids is due to the development of a specific feeding aversion. Genetic variation in the ability to tolerate aphids has been documented, indicating that predators may be able to adapt to a higher proportion of aphids in the diet in areas where outbreaks are frequent. A consequence of these findings is that predator populations rely on alternative prey (e.g. Collembola and Diptera) for maintenance and reproduction, and are probably unable to benefit nutritionally from an aphid outbreak. The low food quality of aphids to generalist predators explains why generalist and specialist predators have widely different roles in aphid biocontrol, but does not rule out that under some conditions the generalists may be able to inhibit aphid population growth sufficiently to prevent an outbreak, as field experiments have indicated. Simulation modelling shows that a low consumption capacity for aphids has little influence on the ability to prevent aphid population increase at low aphid immigration rates, but a great influence at high aphid immigration rates. Modelling also indicates that there may be an optimal availability of high-quality alternative prey that maximizes the impact of generalist predators on aphid population growth.
7β-hydroxy-epiandrosterone (7β-OH-EpiA) is an endogenous androgen metabolite that has been shown to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-estrogenic effects. However, to the best of our knowledge no information is available about this androgen steroid in relation to sperm quality. We analyzed 7β-OH-EpiA in plasma and seminal plasma using a newly developed isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry method. Validation met the requirements of FDA guidelines. Levels of 7β-OH-EpiA were measured in 191 men with different degrees of infertility. One-way analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison and correlation analysis adjusted for age, BMI and abstinence time were performed to evaluate the relationships between this steroid and sperm quality. Concentrations of 7β-OH-EpiA in seminal plasma were significantly higher in severely infertile men in comparison with healthy men and slightly infertile men. The same trend was found when blood plasma was evaluated. Furthermore, plasma 7β-OH-EpiA negatively correlated with sperm concentration (-0.215; p<0.01) and total count (-0.15; p<0.05). Seminal 7β-OH-EpiA was negatively associated with motility (-0.26; p<0.01), progressively motile spermatozoa (-0.233; p<0.01) and nonprogressively motile spermatozoa (-0.188; p<0.05). 7β-OH-EpiA is associated with lower sperm quality and deserves more research in that respect., J. Vitku, L. Kolatorova, C. Ricco, C. Ferroud, O. Hennebert, T. Skodova, J. Heracek, L. Starka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We consider the solution operator $S\:\mathcal F_{\mu ,(p,q)}\rightarrow L^2(\mu )_{(p,q)}$ to the $\bar{\partial }$-operator restricted to forms with coefficients in $\mathcal F_{\mu }= \bigl \lbrace f\: f \text{is} \text{entire} \text{and} \int _{\mathbb{C}^n} |f(z)|^2\mathrm{d}\mu (z) <\infty \bigr \rbrace $. Here $\mathcal F_{\mu ,(p,q)}$ denotes $(p,q)$-forms with coefficients in $\mathcal F_{\mu }$, $L^2(\mu )$ is the corresponding $L^2$-space and $\mu $ is a suitable rotation-invariant absolutely continuous finite measure. We will develop a general solution formula $S$ to $\bar{\partial }$. This solution operator will have the property $Sv\bot \mathcal F_{(p,q)}\, \forall \,v \in \mathcal F_{(p,q+1)}$. As an application of the solution formula we will be able to characterize compactness of the solution operator in terms of compactness of commutators of Toeplitz-operators $[T_{\bar{z_i}},T_{z_i}]= [T^*_{{z_i}},T_{z_i}]\:\mathcal F_\mu \rightarrow L^2(\mu )$.
Since the 19th century, crafts for Japan have been as important for trade and the economy as they have been for national and cultural identity. The discourse of "Japaneseness" has been central to the national and public debate in the craft world. As the Japanese empire expanded into North East China in the 1930s, Japan became interested in the cultures of greater China, including Taiwan. Japan´s continuous obsession with the idea of the "Japaneseness" in craft products was complicated by its effort to redefine itself in terms of its "Orientalness". This involved the location of its identity within the three-way positioning of Occident-Jaoan-Orient rather than the simple binary position of Japan versus the Occident. This aper firstly examines how Japanese craft and design experts confronted these multiple and different shades of the Orient and constructed the notion of "Japaneseness" as part of the Orient in the design discourse. Secondly, it will investigate the Japan centric hybrid design concept of "Greater Oriental Design", articulated by Japan as the leading power and authority of crafts in Asia. Finally, this paper will explore how this design discourse and these concepts were creatively interpreted in actual design terms and in experimentation, as well as the resulting implications for Japanese design history.
Insect dormancy responses, in the broad sense of modifications of development, are examined from a general perspective. The range of responses is extraordinarily wide because environments are diverse, different taxa have different evolutionary histories, adaptations are needed for both seasonal timing and resistance to adversity, and not only development but also many other aspects of the life-cycle must be coordinated. Developmental options are illustrated by examining the wide range of ways in which development can be modified, the fact that each individual response consists of several components, and the different potential durations of the life-cycle. The concepts of alternative life-cycle pathways (chosen according to current and likely future environmental conditions) and of active and passive default responses are treated. Also introduced are aspects of variation and trade-offs.
Some general conclusions that help in understanding dormancy responses emerge from such an examination. Many options are available (cf. Table 1). The nature of the habitat, especially its predictability, determines the potential effectiveness of many of the developmental options. Any particular set of responses reflects evolutionary history and hence depends on past as well as current environments. It is not necessarily obvious what kinds of selection, especially requirements for timing versus resistance to adversity, explain a particular life cycle. Life-cycle pathways have multiple components, so that components cannot be analyzed in isolation. A given feature, such as delayed development, can have multiple roles. Default responses can be either active (development continues unless signalled otherwise) or passive (development stops unless signalled otherwise), making necessary a broad approach to understanding the action of environmental cues. Even relatively minor effects that fine-tune dormancy responses enhance survival, but may be difficult to detect or measure. Trade-offs are not inevitable, not only when certain resources are surplus, but also because resources in very short supply (constraints) cannot be traded off. Life-cycle components are widely, but not universally, coordinated. These conclusions confirm that the range of dormancy responses is wider, more complex and more integrated than has often been recognized.