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15252. The rank of a commutative semigroup
- Creator:
- Cegarra, Antonio M. and Petrich, Mario
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- semigroup, commutative semigroup, independent subset, rank, separative semigroup, power cancellative semigroup, and archimedean component
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The concept of rank of a commutative cancellative semigroup is extended to all commutative semigroups S by defining rank S as the supremum of cardinalities of finite independent subsets of S. Representing such a semigroup S as a semilattice Y of (archimedean) components Sα, we prove that rank S is the supremum of ranks of various Sα. Representing a commutative separative semigroup S as a semilattice of its (cancellative) archimedean components, the main result of the paper provides several characterizations of rank S; in particular if rank S is finite. Subdirect products of a semilattice and a commutative cancellative semigroup are treated briefly. We give a classification of all commutative separative semigroups which admit a generating set of one or two elements, and compute their ranks.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15253. The rate of acute spinal cord injury in tashkent city between 2005-2012 years
- Creator:
- Khikmatullaev, Rukhulla Zabikhullaevich, Iskandarov, Alisher Iskandarovich, and Khakimova, Dildora Zabikhullaevna
- Format:
- electronic, electronic resource, remote, and elektronický zdroj
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, and TEXT
- Subject:
- poranění míchy--epidemiologie--etiologie, retrospektivní studie, rizikové faktory, fraktury páteře--epidemiologie--etiologie, úrazy pádem, dopravní nehody, chorobopisy--statistika a číselné údaje, mladiství, dospělí, staří, ženské pohlaví, lidé, mužské pohlaví, and lidé středního věku
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Objective: to analyze main clinical-statistical indices of spine and spinal cord injuries (SCI) and system of organization of medical aid to the victims. We conducted a cohort retrospective study of materials of medical institutions of Tashkent city. Medical records of patients and records of forensic examinations were analyzed. 242 cases of spinal cord injuries were studied. Over the last 10 years in Tashkent the frequency of SCI have been tend to increase, males and working-age people are dominated. In 60.9% of cases the injury was associated, in 36.2% - isolated, and in 2.9% - combined. Fallings from height and road traffic accidents were the main reasons for getting SCI. Lesions at cervical level registered in 45% of cases, thoracic level - 27.3%, at lumbar level - 27.7%, respectively. According to ASIA/IMSOP, full injuries were noted in 40.1% of cases, incomplete injures were in 59.9%. Overall mortality from SCI was 68.6%. study allowed to get in detail the clinical and statistical indicators of SCI in the region., Rukhulla Zabikhullaevich Khikmatullaev, Alisher Iskandarovich Iskandarov, Dildora Zabikhullaevna Khakimova, and Literatura
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15254. The ratio of diameters between the target artery and the bypass modifies hemodynamic parameters related to intimal hyperplasia in the distal end-to-side anastomosis
- Creator:
- Grus, T., Lambert, L., Matěcha, J., Grusová, G., Špaček, M., and Mlček, M.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Anastomosis, Peripheral arterial disease, Bypass, Artery, and Intimal hyperplasia
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Hemodynamics in the distal end-to-side anastomosis is related to early development of intimal hyperplasia and bypass failure. In this study we investigated the effect of diameter ratios between the target artery and the bypass at three different angles of the connection. The pulsatile flow field was visualized using particle image velocimetry in transparent models with three different angles of the connection (25°, 45°, 60°) and the diameter ratio between the bypass and the target artery was 4.6 mm : 6 mm, 6 mm : 6 mm, and 7.5 mm : 6 mm. Six parameters including location and oscillation of the stagnation point, local energy dissipation, wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index, spatial and temporal gradient of WSS and their distribution in the target artery were calculated from the flow field. In the wider bypass, the stagnation point oscillated in a greater range and was located more proximal to the anastomosis. Energy dissipation was minimal in a wider bypass with a more acute angle. The maximum WSS values were tree times greater in a narrow bypass and concentrated in a smaller circular region at the floor of the anastomosis. The oscillatory shear index increased with wider bypass and more acute angle. The maximum of spatial gradient of WSS concentrated around the floor and toe of the anastomosis and decreased with more acute angle and wider bypass, the temporal gradient of WSS was stretched more towards the side wall. Greater bypass to target vessel ratio and more acute anastomosis angle promote hemodynamics known to reduce formation of intimal hyperplasia.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15255. The real symmetric matrices of odd order with a P-set of maximum size
- Creator:
- Du, Zhibin and da Fonseca, Carlos M
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- matematika, mathematics, real symmetric matrix, graph, multiplicity of eigenvalues, P-set, P-vertices, 13, and 51
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Suppose that A is a real symmetric matrix of order n. Denote by m_{A}(0) the nullity of A. For a nonempty subset α of {1, 2,..., n}, let A(α) be the principal submatrix of A obtained from A by deleting the rows and columns indexed by α. When m_{A(\alpha )}(0) = m_{A}(0)+|α|, we call α a P-set of A. It is known that every P-set of A contains at most \left \lfloor n/2 \right \rfloorelements. The graphs of even order for which one can find a matrix attaining this bound are now completely characterized. However, the odd case turned out to be more difficult to tackle. As a first step to the full characterization of these graphs of odd order, we establish some conditions for such graphs G under which there is a real symmetric matrix A whose graph is G and contains a P-set of size (n − 1)/2., Zhibin Du, Carlos M. da Fonseca., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15256. The Red Admiral butterfly (Vanessa atalanta, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a true seasonal migrant: an evolutionary puzzle resolved?
- Creator:
- Mikkola, Kauri
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta, Monarch, Danaus plexippus, butterflies, Lepidoptera, migrations, and air
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Ornithologists in Finland recorded the autumn migration of the Red Admiral butterfly, Vanessa atalanta (L.). In the best year, 1998, 1240 migrants were counted from a bird tower in September. That is, half a million butterflies migrated over a 100-km front. The butterflies were flying above forests riding on cool northerly winds. Radar indicated that a large proportion migrated at high elevations outside the visible range. These records help to resolve an "evolutionary puzzle" of why migrant butterflies and moths travel to northern latitudes when their offspring have limited possibilities of returning south. Until now, the only butterfly for which a high-elevation return migration on northerly winds is known is the American Monarch Danaus plexippus (L.).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15257. The reform of specialist training for General Practice in the Czech Republic
- Creator:
- Vychytil, Pavel
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15258. The relations between the patterns of gas exchange and water loss in diapausing pupae of large white butterfly Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
- Creator:
- Jogar, Katrin, Kuusik, Aare, Metspalu, Luule, Hiiesaar, Külli, Luik, Anne, Mänd, Marika, and Martin , Ants-Johannes
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Pieris brassicae, diapause, gas exchange cycles, water loss, and body movements
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The relations between the patterns of discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) and water loss were investigated in non-chilled diapausing pupae of the white cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae kept at room temperature (22-24°C) in Petri dishes. An electrolytic respirometer, combined with an infrared (IR) actographic device was used for the simultaneous recordings of metabolic rate, cyclic release of carbon dioxide (bursts), passive suction inspirations (PSIs) and body movements. The patterns of cyclic gas exchange in four- and five-month-old non-chilled diapausing pupae varied individually to a considerable extent. About 40% of the pupae displayed long DGCs lasting 1-3 h, while the interburst periods were characterised by rare and almost regular large PSIs succeeding at intervals of 1-4 min. Nearly 30% of the pupae exhibited short DGCs lasting 3-5 min, while between the bursts there occurred unclear frequent gas exchange microcycles. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) did not reveal significant differences between long DGCs and short DGCs ranging from 32-56 (mean 47.6 ± 4.6) ml O2 g-1 h-1, and 28-61 (mean 44.95 ± 5.3) ml O2 g-1 h-1, respectively. The mentioned levels of SMR were characteristic of diapausing pupae. Water loss in pupae with long DGCs was determined gravimetrically to be 0.29 ± 0.1 mg g-1 day1. At the same time, water loss in pupae that showed only short DGCs and irregular microcycles was 1.73 ± 0.31 mg g-1 day-1, which was significantly higher than in individuals characterised by long DGCs. We suggest that water loss in the non-chilled diapausing pupae may depend significantly on the patterns of cyclic gas exchange: long cycles and rare but deep PSIs exerted a marked water conserving effect.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15259. The relationship between concentration of triacylglycerols and free radicals caused by fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols in diabetic patients
- Creator:
- Vecka, Marek, Tvrzická, Eva, and Votruba, Miloš
- Format:
- braille, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, práce podpořená grantem, and TEXT
- Subject:
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu, volné radikály--chemie, kyseliny mastné--analýza, peroxidace lipidů, triglyceridy, plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí, lidé, lidé středního věku, mužské pohlaví, and ženské pohlaví
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Cíl práce: Lipoperoxidace je dávána do příčinné souvislosti s rozvojem nejdůležitějších rizikových faktorů kardiovaskulárních onemocnění. Lipoperoxidační procesy jsou důsledkem reakcí lipidů s volnými radikály bez ohledu na jejich původ. Vztah mezi triacylglyceroly (TAG) a volnými radikály (VR) není zcela jasný. Může se dokonce stát, že hypertriacylglycerolémie je doprovázena nízkými koncentracemi VR a naopak. Jedno z možných vysvětlení spočívá ve vztahu lipoperoxidace a složení mastných kyselin v molekulách TAG. Cílem této studie bylo analyzovat vztah složení mastných kyselin v TAG a produkci VR u pacientů trpících diabetes mellitus 2. typu. Typ studie: observační s kontrolní skupinou Materiál a metody: Studie zahrnovala 18 normotriacylglycerolemických (NTG) jedinců (M/F 12/6) a 24 hypertriacylglycerolemických (HTG) jedinců (M/F 16/8). Pacienti v obou skupinách byli diabetici 2. typu. Analýzu mastných kyselin v triacylglycerolech plazmy jsme provedli kapilární plynovou chromatografií a koncentrace volných radikálů byly změřeny přímou spektrofotometrií. Statistické analýzy (parametrické i neparametrické) byly provedeny pomocí statistického software STATISTICA pro Windows. Výsledky: Ve skupině HTG jsme pozorovali nižší zastoupení kyseliny myristové (14:0) (1.62 [1.23-2.07] vs. 1.90 [1.72-2.79], p = 0.022, [medián (1.-3. kvartil]) a vyšší poměr alfa-linolenové kyseliny (18:3n-3) (1.51 [1.21-1.86] vs 1.16 [1.02-1.42], p = 0.021). Poměr kyselin arachidonové/eikosapentaenové byl ve skupině HTG nižší (5.54 [3.62-7.98] vs 7.25 [5.98-15.12], p = 0.027). Když jsme HTG skupinu dále rozdělili podle koncentrací VR na tercily, prokázali jsme nižší hodnoty poměru kyseliny arachidonová/eikosapentaenová ve druhém tercilu (4.05 [2.66-4.67] vs 7.64 [5.83-11.00], 1. tercil, a 6.21 [3.20-8.31], 3. tercil p = 0.019). V spojených HTG+NTG skupinách jsme zaznamenali negativní korelaci mezi MA a TAG (r = -0.3153, p = 0.045). V triaclylglycerolech jsme prokázali pozitivní korelace VR a kyseliny stearové (p < 0.001) spolu s negativní korelací některých n-6 vícenenasycených mastných kyselin (18:3n-6, p < 0.05, 22:5n-6, p < 0.01). Závěr: Zastoupení mastných kyselin v molekulách TAG je spojeno s tvorbou VR. Nicméně do tohoto vztahu vstupují i jiné faktory., Objective: The lipoperoxidation plays a causal role in the development of most important risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The lipoperoxidation results from the reaction of lipid molecules with free radicals, regardless of their origin. The relationship between triacylglycerols (TAG) and the free radicals (FR) amount is not clear. Thus, it can turn up that the hypertriacylglyceridaemia is accompanied with the low values of FR, or vice versa. One possible explanation of this phenomenon is that the degree of lipoperoxidation of TAG is dependent on the composition of fatty acids (FA) in their molecule. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze FA composition in TAG and its relationship to FR production in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design: observational study with internal control group Material and Methods: 18 normotriacylglycerolemic (NTG) individuals (12M/6F) and 24 hypertriacylglycerolemic (HTG) patients (16M/8F). Patients in both groups were persons, suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fatty acid analysis of plasma triacylglycerols was performed by gas chromatography and free radicals were determined by direct spectrophotometric method. Statistical analyses (both parametric and non-parametric) were performed with the statistical software STATISTICA for Windows. Results: We found lower content of myristic acid (14:0) (1.62 [1.23-2.07] vs. 1.90 [1.72-2.79], p = 0.022, [median (1st-3rd quartile)]) and higher content of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) (1.51 [1.21-1.86] vs. 1.16 [1.02-1.42], p = 0.021) in HTG group. The ratio of arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid was in HTG group lower (5.54 [3.62-7.98] vs. 7.25 [5.98-15.12], p = 0.027). When the HTG group was stratified into the tertiles by the FR concentrations, we observed lower values in the second tertile for ratios based on arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) (4.05 [2.66-4.67] vs. 7.64 [5.83-11.00], 1st tertile, and 6.21 [3.20-8.31], 3rd tertile, p = 0.019). In pooled groups, we proved negative correlation between MA and TAG (r = -0.3153, p = 0.045) and the link between FR and FA composition of TAG expressed as positive relationship of FR with content of stearic acid (p < 0.001) and negative correlation with some n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:3n-6, p < 0.05, 22:5n-6, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The composition of FA in TAG molecules has undoubtedly some relationship to the FR generation. However, the other factors seem to play a role, since the relationship is not straightforward within entire FR range., and Vecka M., Tvrzická E., Votruba M.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
15260. THE RELIGION OF NATURE DELINEATED
- Creator:
- Wollaston, William and Palmer, Samuel
- Publisher:
- B. Lintot, W. & J. Innys, J. Osborn, T. Longman, J. Batley
- Format:
- print and 219, [11] pp : [1] obr. příl. ; 4°.
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- století 18., náboženství, příroda, (0.068)094, 12, and 094
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public