Článek se zabývá problematikou wrongful life a wrongful birth žalob na základě etických a právních úvah. Základním cílem je nalézt odpověď na otázku, zda by tyto žaloby měly zavedeny do právního řádu či nikoliv. Autor se nepokouší nalézt definitivní odpověď na filosofické otázky, ale spíše se pokouší podat návrhy řešení s ohledem na kulturní a převládající rámec v konkrétní společnosti. Článek se snaží shromáždit argumentační rámec jak zastánců, tak i odpůrců tohoto typu žalob a to jak v morální, tak i v právní rovině. Jsou zde nastíněny základní morální otázky a právní otázky, ke kterým je přiložena argumentace pro a proti a to u jednoho i druhého typu žalob. V závěru se autor pokouší prokázat, že zatímco žaloby „wrongful birth“ mohou být při přijetí určitých etických pozic akceptovatelné, žaloby „wrongful life“ jsou nekonzistentní s teorií deliktního práva a není vhodné, aby byly nároky z nich uplatňované přiznávány., This article deals with the issue of wrongful life and wrongful birth action on the basis of ethical and legal reflections. The basic issue is to find out the answer whether this kind of actions should be established in legal order or not. Author doesn´t try to find out absolute answer on philosophical based questions, but rather tries to submit proposals for solutions considering cultural context in particular society. This article tries to gather ethical and legal arguments from both – proponents and opponents – of this type of actions. There could be find basic moral and legal issues and argumentation for and against it. Author demonstrates that while wrongful birth actions could be from some ethical angle acceptable, the wrongful life actions are inconsistence with principles of tort law and the claims arising therefrom should be denied., Adam Doležal, and Literatura
A matrix A is said to have \mbox{\boldmathX}-simple image eigenspace if any eigenvector x belonging to the interval \boldmathX={x:x−−≤x≤x¯¯¯} containing a constant vector is the unique solution of the system A⊗y=x in \mbox{\boldmathX}. The main result of this paper is an extension of \mbox{\boldmathX}-simplicity to interval max-min matrix \boldmathA={A:A−−≤A≤A¯¯¯¯} distinguishing two possibilities, that at least one matrix or all matrices from a given interval have \mbox{\boldmathX}-simple image eigenspace. \mbox{\boldmathX}-simplicity of interval matrices in max-min algebra are studied and equivalent conditions for interval matrices which have \mbox{\boldmathX}-simple image eigenspace are presented. The characterized property is related to and motivated by the general development of tropical linear algebra and interval analysis, as well as the notions of simple image set and weak robustness (or weak stability) that have been studied in max-min and max-plus algebras.
Fixní kombinace dvou rozdílných farmak ve stejné nebo příbuzné indikaci se s úspěchem používají v různých lékařských oborech a ne jinak je tomu v diabetologii. Tento článek se věnuje kombinační léčbě zahrnující v jednom přípravku metformin a dapagliflozin, molekuly ovlivňující rozdílné patofyziologické mechanizmy diabetes mellitus 2. typu, v tomto případě inzulinovou rezistenci a zvýšenou reabsorpci glukózy v ledvinách. Většina pacientů s diabetem 2. typu nedosahuje cílovou kompenzaci diabetu při užívání jednoho typu antidiabetika a potřebují ke správné kontrole diabetu kombinaci několika rozdílných farmak. Použití fixní kombinace vede ke zlepšení adherence na straně pacienta a tím i k využití celého léčebného potenciálu zvolených léků., Fixed dose combination of two different drugs in the same or related indications are successfully used in various medical fields including diabetology. This article deals with the combination therapy comprising metformin and dapagliflozin in a single preparation, molecules affecting different pathophysiological mechanisms of type 2 diabetes, particularly insulin resistance and increased glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Most patients with type 2 diabetes does not achieve target glycemic control when treated with single antidiabetics and need for proper control of diabetes combination of several different drugs. Using the fixed combination leads to improved patient’s adherence and utilization of the full therapeutic potential of selected drugs., and Tomáš Edelsberger
Recently, Yager in the article "On some new classes of implication operators and their role in approximate reasoning" \cite{Yager_2004} has introduced two new classes of fuzzy implications called the f-generated and g-generated implications. Along similar lines, one of us has proposed another class of fuzzy implications called the h-generated implications. In this article we discuss in detail some properties of the above mentioned classes of fuzzy implications and we describe their relationships amongst themselves and with the well established (S,N)-implications and R-implications. In the cases where they intersect the precise sub-families have been determined.
Social wasps are often considered as nuisance pests in urban environments and are often controlled by using traps. The majority of commercially produced traps for catching wasps have yellow as the dominant colour around the trap entrance. However, the observations on the function of yellow as an attractant for wasps are controversial. The efficiency of yellow, compared with green striped (N = 15) and yellow and green striped beer traps (N = 15) was evaluated. According to the results, yellow does not have a specific role as an attractant for wasps of the genera Vespula Linnaeus and Dolichovespula (Rohwer). For wasps, it may be the bait that is the major lure and it might be sufficient on its own for both control and monitoring purposes.