(i) The procedure introduced here for the clustering of frequency vectors takes into account the uncertainty arising from dealing with small observed frequencies. The smaller observed absolute frequencies, the more uncertainty about the “true” probability vector. The object is not represented by a single point in the multidimensional space but rather by the fuzzy set spread around this point. Consequently, the distance between two such objects is a fuzzy value, too. The expected mean distance between two objects generally differs from the simple distance: for instance, two objects with the same frequency vectors have a positive mean distance. The exact formula for estimation of the mean distance is given; this makes the algorithmization of the proposed procedure possible. The approach corresponds to that of the Bayesian estimation. The matrix of expected mean distances is an input to the hierarchical cluster analysis. (ii) The conventional hierarchical cluster analysis investigates similarities between objects from a given class. A modified general procedure is proposed seeking analogies between two classes of objects. The “two-class cluster analysis” is applicable to any kind of objects to be clustcred; it is not confined to the herein discussed special case of frequency vectors. (iii) The development of the procedure was developed initially for the field of the psychotherapy research - investigation of relationship patterns found within verbatirn protocols of sessions using the “guided imagery”, a psychotherapy technique dealing with evoked daydrearns. This constitutes an application example.
Let $X$ be a complex space of dimension $n$, not necessarily reduced, whose cohomology groups $H^1(X,{\cal O}), \ldots , H^{n-1}(X,{\cal O})$ are of finite dimension (as complex vector spaces). We show that $X$ is Stein (resp., $1$-convex) if, and only if, $X$ is holomorphically spreadable (resp., $X$ is holomorphically spreadable at infinity). \endgraf This, on the one hand, generalizes a known characterization of Stein spaces due to Siu, Laufer, and Simha and, on the other hand, it provides a new criterion for $1$-convexity.
The paper deals with the adaptive mechanisms in differential evolution (DE) algorithm. DE is a simple and effective stochastic algorithm frequently used in solving the real-world global optimization problems. The efficiency of the algorithm is sensitive to setting its control parameters. Several adaptive approaches have appeared recently in order to avoid control-parameter tuning. A new adaptive variant of differential evolution is proposed in this study. It is based on a combination of two adaptive approaches published before. The new algorithm was tested on the well-known set of benchmark problems developed for the special session of CEC2005 at four levels of population size and its performance was compared with the adaptive variants that were applied in the design of the new algorithm. The new adaptive DE variant outperformed the others in several test problems but its efficiency on average was not better.
The present article concentrates on an analysis of the structure of the opening passages and means of address in the Amarna Letters, one of the largest sources of epistolary documents, written during the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium B.C. From the first look at the Amarna corrpus, those familiar with the topic will notice a formal structure very similar to the one found in other letters written in Peripheral Akkadian. However, the discussion on the formal structure usually limits itself to several short statements and general descriptive comments.
For n=2m\geqslant 4, let \Omega\in \mathbb{R}^{n} be a bounded smooth domain and N\subset \mathbb{R}^{L} a compact smooth Riemannian manifold without boundary. Suppose that \left \{ uk \right \}\in W^{m,2}\left ( \Omega ,N \right ) is a sequence of weak solutions in the critical dimension to the perturbed m-polyharmonic maps \frac{{\text{d}}}{{{\text{dt}}}}\left| {_{t = 0}{E_m}({\text{II}}(u + t\xi )) = 0} \right with Ωk → 0 in W^{m,2}\left( \Omega ,N \right )* and {u_k} \rightharpoonup u weakly in W^{m,2}\left( \Omega ,N \right ). Then u is an m-polyharmonic map. In particular, the space of m-polyharmonic maps is sequentially compact for the weak- W^{m,2} topology., Shenzhou Zheng., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
From a theoretical point of view, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) are similar, still in practice they pose different challenges and perform in a different manner. In this study we present a comparative analysis of the two spatial-temporal classification methods: HMMs and DBNs applied to the Facial Action Units (AUs) recognition problem. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) developed by Ekman and Friesen decomposes the face into 46 AUs, each AU being related to the contraction of one or more specific facial muscles. FACS proved its applicability to facial behavior modeling, enabling the recognition of an extensive palette of facial expressions. Even though a lot has been published on this theme, it is still difficult to draw a conclusion regarding the best methodology to follow, as there is no common basis for comparison and sometimes no argument is given why a certain classification method was chosen. Therefore, our main contributions reside in discussing and comparing the relative performance of the two proposed classifiers (HMMs vs. DBNs) and also of different Region of Interest (ROI) selections proposed by us and different optical flow estimation methods. We can consider our automatic system towards AUs classification an important step in the facial expression recognition process, given that even one emotion can be expressed in different ways, fact that suggests the complexity of the analyzed problem. The experiments were performed on the Cohn-Kanade database and showed that under the same conditions regarding initialization, labeling, and sampling, both classification methods produced similar results, achieving the same recognition rate of 89% for the classification of facial AUs. Still, by enabling non-fixed sampling and using HTK, HMMs rendered a better performance of 93% suggesting that they are better suited for the special task of AUs recognition.
Representatives of Ligophorus Euzet et Suriano, 1977 were found on the gills of Mugil liza Valenciennes caught in southern Brazil. They were identified as Ligophorus uruguayense Failla Siquier et Ostrowski de Núñez, 2009 and Ligophorus saladensis Marcotegui et Martorelli, 2009, even though specific identification proved to be difficult due to inconsistencies in some diagnostic features reported for these two species. Therefore, a combined morphological and molecular approach was used to critically review the validity of these species, by means of phase contrast and confocal fluorescence microscopical examination of sclerotised hard parts, and assessing the genetic divergence between L. saladensis, L. uruguayense and their congeners using rDNA sequences. The main morphological differences between the two species relate to the shape of the accessory piece of the penis and the median process of the ventral bar. The accessory piece in L. uruguayense is shorter than in L. saladensis, has a cylindrical, convex upper lobe and straight lower lobe (vs with the distal tip of the lower lobe turning away from the upper lobe in the latter species). The ventral bar has a V-shaped anterior median part in L. uruguayense (vs U-shaped in L. saladensis). The two species are suggested to be part of a species complex together with L. mediterraneus Sarabeev, Balbuena et Euzet, 2005. We recommend to generalise such comparative assessment of species of Ligophorus for a reliable picture of the diversity and diversification mechanisms within the genus, and to make full use of its potential as an additional marker for mullet taxonomy and systematics., Natalia C. Marchiori, Antoine Pariselle, Joaber Pereira Jr., Jean-François Agnèse, Jean-Dominique Durand, Maarten P.M. Vanhove., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Studied are differences of two approaches targeted to reveal latent variables in binary data. These approaches assume that the observed high dimensional data are driven by a small number of hidden binary sources combined due to Boolean superposition. The first approach is the Boolean matrix factorization (BMF) and the second one is the Boolean factor analysis (BFA). The two BMF methods are used for comparison. First is the M8 method from the BMDP statistical software package and the second one is the method suggested by Belohlavek \& Vychodil. These two are compared to BFA, especially with the Expectation-maximization Boolean Factor Analysis we had developed earlier has, however, been extended with a binarization step developed here. The well-known bars problem and the mushroom dataset are used for revealing the methods' peculiarities. In particular, the reconstruction ability of the computed factors and the information gain as the measure of dimension reduction was under scrutiny. It was shown that BFA slightly loses to BMF in performance when noise-free signals are analyzed. Conversely, BMF loses considerably to BFA when input signals are noisy.
The study aimed to investigate the role of aggression and impulsivity in smoking among male adult students. It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference between smokers and non- smokers on the traits of aggression and impulsivity. The sample of two hundred male adult students was selected from different universities of Islamabad. Two subscales of Impulsiveness and Aggression were administered to measure the personality traits of aggression and impulsivity. Descriptive statistics and t-test was calculated for analysis of data. Results showed that there is significant differences in aggression and impulsivity between smokers and non-smokers. The result can be helpful for psychologist and other professionals to plan public health therapeutic and social reengineering interventions for youth., Uzma Zaidi, and Literatura
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that more recently developed rubber dam systems (OptraDam ® Plus and OptiDam™) are faster and easier to handle, and that the quality of isolation is not decreased. The rubber dam systems were applied in standard conditions on a dental simulator in several model clinical situations. The time of preparation, application and removal were measured and the quality of isolation was evaluated. The median time of rubber dam placement was 51 s (Q1 = 38 s; Q3 = 79 s). The shortest median time of application was with OptiDam™ (42 s), followed by a conventional rubber dam (53 s), and finally the longest was with OptraDam® Plus (58 s). The median volume of fluid remaining in the isolated space after 5 minutes was 9.5 mL (Q1 = 8 mL; Q3 = 10 mL). The largest median volume of remaining water was with OptiDam™ (10 mL), followed by a conventional rubber dam (9.5 mL) and the least with OptraDam® Plus (8.5 mL). The afore-stated hypothesis about the advantages of modern rubber dam isolation systems was accepted for OptiDam™, but rejected for OptraDam® Plus. The results could contribute to decision-making concerning the choice of rubber dam system. and Martin Kapitán, Zdeňka Šustová, Romana Ivančaková, Jakub Suchánek