Skutečný stupeň reálného individuálního zestárnutí organizmu je charakterizován biologickým věkem (BV). Pomocí měření funkceschopnosti fyziologických systémů lze BV určit a hodnotu pak použít jako indikátor předčasného stárnutí. Článek přináší přehled markerů pro měření BV a definuje rozdíly mezi věkem kalendářním, biologickým a sociálním. Zahrnutí měření BV do screeningu základní prevence péče o zdraví by mělo přinést další perspektivu, jak objektivně měřit změny organizmu korespondující se stářím., Romana Mrázová, and Lit.: 15
V súčasnosti jednu z nových vzrušujúcich perspektív v onkológii predstavuje antiangiogénna liečba. Ide o liečbu zameranú na potlačenie uvoľňovania proangiogénnych faktorov, ktoré sa produkujú v bunke alebo voči receptorom pre angiogénne faktory na bunkách endotelu. Tento článok vysvetľuje princípy a aktuálne otázky antiangiogénnej terapie., Antiangiogenic therapy currently represents one of the new exciting prospects in oncology. It is a treatment that is focused on suppression of the release of proangiogenic factors produced in the cell or directed against the receptors for angiogenic factors on endothelial cells. This paper explains the principles and current issues of antiangiogenic therapy., Peter Kružliak, Jana Benkovičová, Ján Šlapák, and Lit.: 9
Východisko: Cílem retrospektivní studie bylo zhodnocení přežití bez progrese onemocnění (PFS), dále celkového přežití (OS) a odpovědi (RR) v souboru pacientů s metastatickým kolorektálním karcinomem (mCRC) léčených první linií paliativní chemoterapie v kombinaci s bevacizumabem. Sekundárním cílem byla analýza toxicity terapie a vyhodnocení vybraných prognostických a prediktivních faktorů. Pacienti a metody: V analýze byly využity některé údaje z registru AVASTIN doplněné o další klinické a laboratorní parametry. Ve vztahu k výsledku terapie jsme analyzovali i následující proměnné: věk, počet metastatických lokalizací, přítomnost mutace KRAS, přítomnost hypertenze jako komorbidity při zahájení léčby a hypertenzní reakci na léčbu bevacizumabem. Výsledky: 202 pacientů s mediánem sledování 9,7M bylo léčeno bevacizumabem (152 pacientů MOÚ a 50 pacientů FTN). Medián přežití bez známek progrese (PFS) byl 11,3 měsíců, medián celkového přežití (OS) 30,6 měsíců. Hypertenze nebyla shledána klinickým prediktivním faktorem účinku bevacizumabu. Negativní dopad na celkové přežití měla přítomnost mutace onkogenu KRAS, která neumožňuje sekvenční terapii cetuximabem. Hlavními nežádoucími účinky byly hypertenze a tromboembolické příhody. Závěr: V současnosti je terapie bevacizumabem teoreticky indikovaná téměř u všech pacientů s kolorektálním karcinomem léčených v první linii. I když jednoznačné prediktivní faktory pro odpověď na léčbu bevacizumabem dosud nebyly nalezeny, jejich hledání je výzkumnou prioritou vzhledem k vysoké finanční náročnosti antiangiogenní terapie., Background: The primary endpoint of this retrospective analysis was PFS, OS and RR in the group of the patients treated with the first line chemotherapy and bevacizumab. As secondary endopoint we also analysed a treatment toxicity and selected prognostic a and predictive factors. Patients and methods: We analysed data from AVASTIN register completed with a clinical and laboratory informations. In relation with results we analysed: age,, number of metastatic sites, KRAS status and hypertension. Results: Two hundert two pts were treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. The median follow up was 9,7months. The median progression-free was 11,3 months, median overall survival 30,6 months. Arterial hypertension didn´t correlate with the clinical outcome… The main adverse events were hypertension and thromboembolic events. Conclusions: Bevacizumab is a common part of the first line treatment of patients with mCRC in the Czech Republic. It should be the main point of interest to find the predictive factors of efficasy because of the high treatment expenses., Radka Obermannová, Tomáš Büchler, Michal Štícha, Jiří Navrátil, Lenka Slamová, Jana Kaňáková, Jitka Abrahámová, Rostislav Vyzula, and Lit.: 8
Na sklonku loňského roku se možnosti léčby ovariálního karcinomu rozrostly o antiangiogenní léčbu. Evropská komise schválila rozšíření indikace bevacizumabu (Avastin®): „Avastin v kombinaci s karboplatinou a paklitaxelem je indikován k úvodní léčbě pokročilého (stadia III B, III C a IV dle FIGO) epitelového nádoru vaječníků, vejcovodů nebo primárního nádoru pobřišnice“. Bevacizumab je od roku 2005 indikován k léčbě metastatického kolorektálního karcinomu a od roku 2007 k léčbě metastatického karcinomu prsu a ledviny a rekurentního či metastatického nemalobuněčného plicního karcinomu., At the end of last year, the options of treatment for ovarian cancer expanded to include antiangiogenic therapy. The European Commission approved the use of bevacizumab (Avastin®) for a new indication: “Avastin in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel is indicated for the front-line treatment of advanced (FIGO stages III B, III C and IV) epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer.” Since 2005, bevacizumab has been indicated for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and, since 2007, for the treatment of metastatic breast and kidney cancers and recurrent or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer., František Nový, and Literatura 9
Given a groupoid hG, ⋆i, and k ≥ 3, we say that G is antiassociative if an only if for all x1, x2, x3 ∈ G, (x1 ⋆ x2) ⋆ x3 and x1 ⋆ (x2 ⋆ x3) are never equal. Generalizing this, hG, ⋆i is k-antiassociative if and only if for all x1, x2, . . . , xk ∈ G, any two distinct expressions made by putting parentheses in x1 ⋆ x2 ⋆ x3 ⋆ . . . ⋆ xk are never equal. We prove that for every k ≥ 3, there exist finite groupoids that are k-antiassociative. We then generalize this, investigating when other pairs of groupoid terms can be made never equal.
The changes of the composition of blood lipoproteins caused by menopause could also change the effect of hypolipidemic therapy. Using an experimental model we studied the changes of serum lipids and the effect of immediate or delayed treatment with simvastatin on atherosclerosis after surgical menopause. Female golden Syrian hamster aged 6 months were fed hypercholesterolemic diet during the whole study. Atherosclerotic changes in thoracic and abdominal aortas were assessed by stereomicroscopic method after 12 weeks. Four experimental groups were studied: sham-operated animals (n=5), ovariectomized animals (n=9), ovariectomized animals treated for 12 weeks (n=10), and ovariectomized animals treated 4 weeks after ovariectomy for 8 weeks (n=9). The dose of simvastatin was 10 mg/kg of body weight. After 12 weeks, ovariectomized animals had tenfold higher concentration of triglycerides in LDL fraction and significantly higher prevalence of atherosclerosis than animals without ovariectomy. Treatment with simvastatin substantially decreased the prevalence of atherosclerotic changes, but otherwise did not change individual serum lipids including LDL cholesterol. However, it improved proportions of pro- and antiatherogenic serum lipids mainly by the increase of HDL cholesterol. The timing of simvastatin treatment had no significant effect on atherosclerotic changes or lipid parameters. Simvastatin treatment partly prevented atherosclerotic changes induced by ovariectomy. This effect was not mediated by decrease of LDL cholesterol, but by increase in HDL cholesterol., J. Pitha ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The ability of biocontrol agents to overcome the immune defense of pests is a crucial issue. This is the first study of lysozyme activity as an inducible humoral component of the defense of Schistocerca gregaria, which depends on the recognition of the elicitor molecules of pathogens and not on epidermal wounding or a spiking effect. The level of lysozyme activity in fat body, haemocytes and haemolymph plasma of naïve and immunologically challenged 5th instar S. gregaria was evaluated using the zone of inhibition test against Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as peptidoglycans (PGN) and lipopolysacchrides (LPS) of bacterial cell walls induce and increase in the level of lysozyme activity. Escherichia coli induced an increase in the level of activity of lysozyme in the fat body, haemocytes and plasma, but not in mid gut epithelium, 6–12 h after an immunological challenge and then it decreased to the constitutive level after 72 h. This study revealed that in S. gregaria there is a constitutive and a bacteria-inducible level of lysozyme activity, which protects it against infection by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria., Amr A. Mohamed ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Binding of beta2-GP I to anionic phospholipids is thought to be the major antigen required in the reaction of anticardiolipin antibodies to phospholipids. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of anti-beta2-GP I IgG during the first and second trimester of pregnancy and the relationship between the levels of anti-beta2-GP I and fetoplacental antigens and the correlation between anti-beta2-GP I IgG and antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein IgG (oLAb) in serum of pregnant women. We determined anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) IgG and maternal serum levels of alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and trophoblast-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) in 204 pregnant women in the first and second trimester. From this group we selected 52 serum samples positive for ACA IgG and 16 samples negative for ACA IgG. In the samples of selected patients, the levels of anti-b2-GP I IgG and oLAb IgG were determined. Anti-b2-GP I IgG levels significantly decreased in the second trimester (6.2±9.3 U/ml, mean ± S.D.) in comparison with the first trimester (8.3±10.4 U/ml) (p=0.05). Multiple of median (MoM) AFP correlated negatively but not significantly in the first trimester with anti-b2-GP I (r = -0.261, p = 0.12). In the second trimester this correlation was significantly negative (r = -0.278, p = 0.04). The Spearman correlation coefficients for MoM HCG and anti-beta2-GP I were 0.158 for the first trimester and 0.174 for the second trimester. MoM SP1 also did not correlate significantly with anti-beta2-GP I in both trimesters. The correlation between anti-beta2-GP I IgG and oLAb IgG was not significant (r = -0.06). In the first trimester 40 % serum samples were positive for anti-b2-GP I IgG and negative for oLAb IgG or vice versa, while 60 % samples in the second trimester were positive only for one determined autoantibody. We can conclude that the levels of a, L. Fialová, I. Malbohan, L. Mikulíková, O. Benešová, A. Zwinger., and Obsahuje bibliografii
a1_Modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles due to oxidation, glycation and binding of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) or malondialdehyde (MDA, a final product of lipid peroxidation) is considered most important in the process of atherogenesis. Oxidatively modified LDL are distinguished by another receptor type, which was discovered on the surface of macrophages and was called the scavenger receptor. Uncontrolled intake of LDL converts macrophages to foam cells; their accumulation under the vascular endothelium is considered as the first stage of atherosclerosis. Oxidation of LDL is a complex process taking place in both the extra- and intracellular space. At the end of this oxidative process, modified LDL particles show chemotactic, cytotoxic and immunogenic properties. Oxidized LDL express a large number of epitopes and cause production of polyclonal autoantibodies against these products, especially against apoB100 modified by MDA and 4-hydroxynonenal. IgoxLDL (antibodies against oxidized LDL) can be demonstrated either directly in intimal lesions or as a component of circulating immune complexes. IgoxLDL do not form a homogeneous group but a varied mixture of antibodies-isoantibodies caused by HDL and LDL polymorphism, antibodies against the lipid phase of LDL and antibodies against modified apoB100 of the immunoglobulin class IgA or IgG. Antibodies against oxLDL were found in many diseases other than atherosclerosis such as diabetes mellitus, renovascular syndrome, uremia, rheumatic fever, morbus Bechtjerev or lupus erythematodes. Newborns have practically the same levels of IgoxLDL as their mothers; however, these values did not differ from those in the healthy population of non-pregnant women of the same age., a2_The decrease in IgoxLDL titer was very slow and lasted many months; that is why this parameter cannot be considered suitable for describing the rapid changes during oxidative stress of the organism. Positive correlation of IgoxLDL with antiphospholipids and other antibodies was repeatedly demonstrated; their determination can thus be used as a marker for the description of total production of autoantibodies in various diseases. The changes and correlations of IgoxLDL, anti-b-2-glycoprotein I IgG and antiphospholipid antibodies support the immunological link between thrombotic and atherosclerotic processes in the human body., A. Steinerová, J. Racek, F. Stožický, T. Zima, L. Fialová, A. Lapin., and Obsahuje bibliografii