A new species Wardium paucispinosum (Eucestoda: Hymenolepididae) parasite from the intestine of Larus maculipennis (Lichtenstein) from Mar del Plata, Argentina is described. The distinctive features of the new species are: strobilar length 52.8 mm; 10 aploparaksoid rostellar hooks, 14 (12-17) pm long; ratio between cirrus pouch length and mature proglottid width (CPL/MPW) 0.38 (0.27-0.50); regular cylindrical evaginated cirrus, 90 x 10 pm, with distal end without spines and proximal and medium thirds covered with spines 7 pm long; simple tubular membranous vagina, 110 x 10 pm, without sclcrotised portions and sphincters; eggs fusiform, 77 x 44 pm. Besides, llymenolepis semiductilis Szidat, 1964, from the intestine of Larus dominicanus and L. maculipennis from Santa Fé, Argentina is transferred to the genus Wardium Mayhew, 1925, based on the presence and shape of the rostellar hooks.
Antikoagulační léčba warfarinem a dalšími deriváty dikumarolu vykazuje významnou interindividuální i intraindividuální variabilitu. Potřebná dávka warfarinu z velké části závisí i na vrozených dispozicích každého jedince. Dávku prokazatelně ovlivňují genetické varianty cytochromu P450 2C9 (CYPP2C9) a reduktázy epoxidu vitaminu K (VKORC1). Ovlivnění dalšími polymorfi smy je předmětem výzkumu. Zdá se, že zahrnutí výsledků genetického testování do algoritmů pro výpočet potřebné úvodní dávky warfarinu by mohlo být přínosem. Podobně znalost polymorfi smů může upozornit na pacienty s vysokým rizikem předávkování a tím i krvácivých komplikací. Dosud to však není jednoznačně prokázané., Sensitivity to anticoagulation treatment by warfarin shows a wide inter-individual and intra-individual variability. The proper warfarin dose also depends largely on inherited predispositions. The dose is signifi cantly infl uenced by genetic variants of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYPP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1). Other possible polymorphism effects are under investigation. It seems that including genetic testing into algorithms for calculating of the required warfarin dose could be benefi cial. Similarly, knowledge of polymorphisms could alert us to patients with a high risk of overdosing and bleeding complication. If there is a benefi t of genetic testing remains controversial till now., Matýšková M., Čech Z., and Lit.: 35
Herbivorous insects are often highly specialised, likely due to trade-offs in fitness on alternative host species. However, some pest insects are extremely adaptable and readily adopt novel hosts, sometimes causing rapid expansion of their host range as they spread from their original host and geographic origin. The genetic basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood, limiting our ability to predict or mitigate global insect pest outbreaks. We investigated the trajectory of early adaptation to novel hosts in a regionally-specialised global crop pest species (the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus). After experimentally-enforced dietary specialisation for nearly 300 generations, we measured changes in fitness over the first 5 generations of adaptation to 6 novel hosts. Of these, C. maculatus reproduced successfully on all but one, with reduced fitness observed on three hosts in the first generation. Loss of fitness was followed by very rapid, decelerating increases in fitness over the first 1-5 generations, resulting in comparable levels of population fitness to that observed on the original host after 5 generations. Heritability of fitness on novel hosts was high. Adaptation occurred primarily via changes in behavioural and phenological traits, and never via changes in offspring survival to adulthood, despite high heritability for this trait. These results suggest that C. maculatus possesses ample additive genetic variation for very rapid host shifts, despite a prolonged period of enforced specialization, and also suggest that some previously-inferred environmental maternal effects on host use may in part actually represent (rapidly) evolved changes. We highlight the need to examine in more detail the genetic architecture facilitating retention of high additive genetic variation for host shifts in extremely adaptable global crop pests., Thomas N. Price, Aoife Leonard, Lesley T. Lancaster., and Obsahuje bibliografii