One of the best documented effects of climate change on biodiversity are shifts in phenology. However, long-term data quantifying and projecting the expected changes in phenology associated with climate warming are limited to a few well-recorded areas in the world. In the absence of temporal recording, an alternative approach is to determine the phenological response of species along marked gradients in climate or along latitudinal or altitudinal transects (space-for-time substitution). We studied the phenology (timing and duration of the flight period) of butterflies in 2006 along an altitudinal gradient (900-1680 m; estimated temperature lapse rate = -6.6°C/km) in the Serranía de Cuenca (central Spain) at the assemblage and individual species levels. Timing of the flight period was later for assemblages at high than at low altitudes. A similar trend of an increasing delay in the flight period with altitude was recorded for some individual species. However, there were also some exceptions to this pattern regardless of the number of sites and the altitudinal ranges of the species, suggesting possible local adaptation to regional climate. The duration of the flight period was shorter at high altitudes for assemblages, but this trend was not mirrored in the response of individual species. The results partly support substituting space-for-time when assessing the potential effect of climate change on phenophases such as the timing of the flight period, but we recommend extreme caution in extrapolating the results in the absence of information on how the responses of populations differ. and Juan Ignacio De Arce Crespo, David Gutiérrez.
On the basis of solid-state aluminium-27 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements a new organo-aluminium complex in coal substance was discovered in the solid extracts obtained both from the Ostrava-Karviná bituminous coal and the North Bohemian Basin brown coal. In the 27 Al MAS NMR spectra it was found that the significant chemical shift at 13.6-14.6 ppm corresponds with that obtained for the aluminium hexaphenoxide complex (14.2 ppm). Therefore, organo-aluminium complex with hexa-coordination to oxygen is present in coal substance., Pavel Straka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
In this review, we discuss the role of pulmonary surfactant in the host defense against respiratory pathogens, including novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In the lower respiratory system, the virus uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in conjunction with serine protease TMPRSS2, expressed by alveolar type II (ATII) cells as one of the SARS-CoV-2 target cells, to enter. ATII cells are the main source of surfactant. After their infection and the resulting damage, the consequences may be severe and may include injury to the alveolar-capillary barrier, lung edema, inflammation, ineffective gas exchange, impaired lung mechanics and reduced oxygenation, which resembles acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of other etiology. The aim of this review is to highlight the key role of ATII cells and reduced surfactant in the pathogenesis of the respiratory form of COVID-19 and to emphasize the rational basis for exogenous surfactant therapy in COVID-19 ARDS patients.
When spectators see a baroque play staged with use of period means of expression, they often appreciate fine form, but lack emotions. Dealing with Jesuit school plays from the first half of the 18th century, whose theme is true friendship, this article illustrates that baroque drama actually combines stylized form and strong emotions. It was also the main aim of baroque theatre: to transfer the emotions through this form., Magdaléna Jacková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy