In 2000, Figallo and Sanza introduced n × m-valued Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras which are both particular cases of matrix Lukasiewicz algebras and a generalization of n-valued Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras. Here we initiate an investigation into the class tLMn×m of tense n × m-valued Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras (or tense LMn×m-algebras), namely n×m-valued Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras endowed with two unary operations called tense operators. These algebras constitute a generalization of tense Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras (or tense LMn-algebras). Our most important result is a representation theorem for tense LMn×m-algebras. Also, as a corollary of this theorem, we obtain the representation theorem given by Georgescu and Diaconescu in 2007, for tense LMn-algebras.
This paper deals with Japan and Vietnam in the latter half of the 19th century. when China as a large country abundant both in treasure, trade and industrial opportunities, found itself in the centre of Western Powers´ interests which made them more involved in the Far East. The objective of the paper is to analyze the main factors which determined the way Japan and Vietnam faced up to Western encroachment, and to explain why Vietnam became a part of French Indochina and why Japan came into power. Namely, it points out the different situations and conditions of Japan and Vietnam before their openings to the Western World, and thereby clarifies the rwo countries´ positions within international relations in the Far East. Additionally, it brings up some differences in Japan´s and Vietnam´s domestic situations in order to document their readiness to meet external challenges.
For a multivalued map ϕ: Y ⊸ (X, τ ) between topological spaces, the upper semifinite topology A(τ ) on the power set A(X) = {A ⊂ X : A ≠ ∅} is such that ϕ is upper semicontinuous if and only if it is continuous when viewed as a singlevalued map ϕ: Y → (A(X), A(τ )). In this paper, we seek a result like this from a reverse viewpoint, namely, given a set X and a topology Γ on A(X), we consider a natural topology R(Γ) on X, constructed from Γ satisfying R(Γ) = τ if Γ = A(τ ), and we give necessary and sufficient conditions to the upper semicontinuity of a multivalued map ϕ: Y ⊸ (X, R(Γ)) to be equivalent to the continuity of the singlevalued map ϕ: Y → (A(X), Γ).
Dendromonocotyle species (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) are the only monocotylids to parasitize the skin of chondrichthyan hosts. Currently 11 species are recorded from the skin of ray species in the Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae and Urolophidae. There have been increasing reports of Dendromonocotyle outbreaks on rays kept in public aquaria. This paper provides a broad review of Dendromonocotyle that should assist taxonomists and aquarists with species identification and help decisions on potential control methods for Dendromonocotyle infections. The taxonomy and host-specificity of Dendromonocotyle are discussed and a key to current species is provided. We summarise what little is known about the biology of Dendromonocotyle including egg embryonation and hatching, feeding, camouflage and reproduction. The efficacy of freshwater baths, chemical treatments and biological control measures such as the use of cleaner fish for Dendromonocotyle is also discussed. We demonstrate that effective control of Dendromonocotyle on captive rays is hampered by the lack of basic biological data on the life cycle of the parasites. A case history is provided outlining the success of a public aquarium (Underwater World, Mooloolaba, Queensland, Australia) in managing D. pipinna infections on captive Taeniura meyeni without chemical intervention simply by taking measures to reduce host stress.