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28842. Patronage in British Government /
- Creator:
- Richards, Peter G.,
- Type:
- text and monografie
- Subject:
- Dějiny britských ostrovů, politika, správa státní, Velká Británie, dějiny správy, and světové dějiny od r. 1945 do současnosti
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
28843. Patrons and clients. The specificity of female clientelism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the turn of the seventeenth century. Research postulates /
- Creator:
- Popiołek, Bożena,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Dějiny zemí střední Evropy, otázka ženská, ženy, klientelismus, dějiny společnosti, patronát, Polsko, světové dějiny 1648-1789, and ženská otázka, rodina, děti, životní úroveň
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
28844. Pattern of cell punctures by the aphid Sitobion fragariae (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) and cell arrangement in the leaf tissues of wheat, Triticum aestivum
- Creator:
- Ramírez, Claudio C., Olea, Nancy, and Niemeyer, Hermann M.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Aphididae, Sitobion fragariae, cell punctures, EPG, leaf tissue, and wheat
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The pattern of cell punctures in the electrical penetration graph was studied from the start of a probe leading to the first phloem phase by the aphid Sitobion fragarine (Walker) (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) on two cultivars of the wheat, Triticum aestivum L., differing in hydroxamic acid concentration. In addition, the spatial arrangement of cells in the leaf of the host plant was histologically observed and the number of cells between the epidermis and phloem counted. The results suggest a feeding deterrent effect of hydroxamic acids and a constant styler puncturing activity into plant cells.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28845. Pattern of money allocation in experimental games supports the stress hypothesis of gender differences in Toxoplasma gondii-induced behavioural changes
- Creator:
- Lindová, Jitka, Kuběna, Aleš A., Šturcová, Hana, Křivohlavá, Romana, Novotná, Martina, Rubešová, Anna, Havlíček, Jan, Kodym, Petr, and Flegr, Jaroslav
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Toxoplasma, stress hypothesis, experimental games, coping, and gender differences
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Latent toxoplasmosis has been previously found to cause behavioural and personality changes in humans, which are specific for each gender. Here we tested the stress hypothesis of these gender differences based on the assumption that latent toxoplasmosis causes long-term subliminal stress. In line with this hypothesis, the gender difference will appear specifically in situations with interpersonal context because in contrast to the typical individualistic coping style of men, women have a tendency to express elevated prosocial behaviour under stress. Altogether 295 biology students (29/191 females and 27/104 males infected by T. gondii) played a modified version of the Dictator Game and the Trust Game. As predicted, a gender difference in the effect of latent toxoplasmosis was found for the measure of reciprocal altruism in the Trust Game (p=0.016), but both genders appeared less generous when infected in the Dictator Game modified to minimize social connotation (p=0.048).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
28846. Pattern of Right Ventricular Pressure Fall and Its Modulation by Afterload
- Creator:
- Correia-Pinto, J., Henriques-coelho, T., Magalhaes, S., and Leite-Moreira, A.F.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Right ventricle, Ventricular pressure fall, Relaxation time constant, and Rat
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Pattern of right ventricular pressure (RVP) fall and its afterload dependence were examined by analyzing ventricular pressure curves and corresponding pressure‑dP/dt phase planes obtained in both ventricles in the rat heart in situ. Time and value of dP/dtmin, and the time constant τ were measured at baseline and during variable RV afterload elevations, induced by beat-to-beat pulmonary trunk constrictions. RVP and left ventricular pressure (LVP) decays were divided into initial accelerative and subsequent decelerative phases separated by corresponding dP/dtmin. At baseline, LVP fall was decelerative during 4/5 of its course, whereas only 1/3 of RVP decay occurred in a decelerative fashion. During RV afterload elevations, the absolute value of RV-dP/dtmin and RV-τ increased, whilst time to RV‑dP/dtmin decreased. Concomitantly, the proportion of RVP decay following a decelerative course increased, so that in highly RV afterloaded heartbeats RVP fall became more similar to LVP fall. In conclusion, RVP and LVP decline have distinct patterns, their major portion being decelerative in the LV and accelerative in the RV. In the RV, dP/dtmin, τ and the proportional contribution of accelerative and decelerative phases for ventricular pressure fall are afterload-dependent. Consequently, τ evaluates a relatively much shorter segment of RVP than LVP fall.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
28847. Patterns in abdominal pumping, miniature inspirations and heartbeats simultaneously recorded during cyclical gas exchange in adult Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using a respirometer and IR actographs
- Creator:
- Sibul, Ivar, Kuusik, Aare, and Voolma, Kaljo
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Abdominal pumping, CFV and CFO cycles, discontinuous gas exchange cycles, active ventilation, respiration, heartbeats, Hylobius abietis, and Curculionidae
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Rhythms in abdominal pumping, heartbeats and discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) of CFV subtype (closed, flutter and ventilation periods) in adults of pine weevil Hylobius abietis were simultaneously recorded using an electrolytic microrespirometer and an infrared (IR) cardiograph or IR actograph (IRA). The cyclic release of carbon dioxide was associated with active ventilation (V phase) provided by vigorous abdominal pumping movements due to contractions of tonic longitudinal and transversal abdominal muscles, which are visible to the naked eye. On the IRA-recordings, the abdominal pumping signals are superimposed on the heartbeat spikes. The relative amplitude of the abdominal pumping signals on these recordings is more than 10 times greater than that of the heart beats. Visual observations showed that the subelytral cavity appeared to be closed during the release of carbon dioxide and open at other times. The flutter (F) of the CFV cycle is characterised by active miniature inspirations or ventilations before the V period. The miniature ventilation movements were imperceptible to the naked eye, but were recorded on the respirometer-actigraph as clear spikes. In addition, movements of the tip of the abdomen, of between 10-20 mm were seen under a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 40×. Some cycles were categorized as (C)FV cycles, when the C period disappears into the end of the V period. Abdominal pumping and miniature inspirations were clearly synchronized with the CFV cycles. Abdominal pumping movements, miniature inspirations or ventilations and heartbeats in adult H. abietis were distinguishable when recordings of the electrolytic microrespirometer-actograph and IRA were made in parallel. These three events were recognized by their different amplitudes and frequencies. It is presumed that abdominal pumping and miniature inspirations in adult H. abietis are obligatory rhythmic movements of different function and origin.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28848. Patterns in diurnal co-occurrence in an assemblage of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)
- Creator:
- D´Amen, Manuela, Birtele, Daniele, Zappponi, Livia, and Hardersen, Sönke
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, temporal structure, interspecific relations, null models, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In this study we analyzed the inter-specific relationships in assemblages of syrphids at a site in northern Italy in order to determine whether there are patterns in diurnal co-occurrence. We adopted a null model approach and calculated two co-occurrence metrics, the C-score and variance ratio (V-ratio), both for the total catch and of the morning (8:00–13:00) and afternoon (13:00–18:00) catches separately, and for males and females. We recorded discordant species richness, abundance and co-occurrence patterns in the samples collected. Higher species richness and abundance were recorded in the morning, when the assemblage had an aggregated structure, which agrees with previous findings on communities of invertebrate primary consumers. A segregated pattern of co-occurrence was recorded in the afternoon, when fewer species and individuals were collected. The pattern recorded is likely to be caused by a number of factors, such as a greater availability of food in the morning, prevalence of hot and dry conditions in the early afternoon, which are unfavourable for hoverflies, and possibly competition with other pollinators. Our results indicate that restricting community studies to a particular time of day will result in certain species and/or species interactions not being recorded., Manuela D´Amen ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28849. Patterns in the distribution and directional asymmetry of fleas living on the northern white-breasted hedgehog Erinaceus roumanicus
- Creator:
- Dudek, Krzysztof, Földvári, Gábor, Majláthová, Viktória, Majláth, Igor, Rigó, Krisztina, Molnár, Viktor, Tóth, Mária, Jankowiak, Łukasz, and Piotr Tryjanowski
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- parazitologie, parasitology, morphometrics, Archaeopsylla erinacei, parasite morphology, co-infection, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Fleas infecting northern white-breasted hedgehogs, Erinaceus roumanicus (Barrett-Hamilton), collected from 2009-2011 in Budapest (Hungary) were studied. A total of 305 white-breasted hedgehogs were captured and 1,251 fleas were collected. The flea community comprised two species, the hedgehog flea Archaeopsylla erinacei (Bouche, 1835) and the dog flea Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis, 1826), although the latter was only found on three hedgehogs. Fleas were found on half of the host specimens (51%; n = 156) where their distribution was strongly aggregated. The sex ratio of A. erinacei was biased towards females and was correlated with host size. Interestingly, the sex ratio of fleas became more equal on heavier hosts. It had been expected that, under high competition, the sex ratio would be female biased because it is known that female ectoparasites dominate on poorer hosts. The body size of a random sample of 200 fleas (100 female and 100 male) was measured under a microscope. The analyses showed directional asymmetry in two features - the distance between the top of the head and the eye, and head length. In this two body traits the left side was significantly greater than right side in both sexes of A. erinacei. Our data shed light on the complex nature of the flea population infecting northern white-breasted hedgehogs in an urban area., Krzysztof Dudek, Gábor Földvári, Viktória Majláthová, Igor Majláth, Krisztina Rigó, Viktor Molnár, Mária Tóth, Łukasz Jankowiak, Piotr Tryjanowski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
28850. Patterns in the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in cities across Central Europe
- Creator:
- Willigalla, Christoph and Fartmann, Thomas
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, donata, climate change, environmental gradient, species richness, temperature, urbanisation, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- 1_Urbanisation is an important cause of species extinctions. Although urban water systems are also highly modified, studies on aquatic or semi-aquatic organisms are rare. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that determine species richness of Odonata in 22 Central European cities and along an urban-rural gradient within six of them. With 64 indigenous species in total and an average of 33 species per city, the species richness of Odonata in Central European cities is comparatively high. A generalised linear model indicates that species richness is positively related to city area. Additional predictors are climatic variables (temperature amplitude, sunshine duration and July temperature) and the year last studied. Since most cities are usually located in areas with naturally high habitat heterogeneity, we assume that cities should be naturally rich in dragonflies. The role of city area as a surrogate for habitat and structural richness most likely explains why it is strongly associated with Odonata species richness. The relationship between species richness and the climatic variables probably reflects that Odonata species richness in Central Europe is limited by warm and sunny conditions more than by availability of water. The temporal effect (the year last studied) on species richness is likely to be a consequence of the recent increase in Mediterranean species associated with global warming. Urbanisation clearly has an adverse effect on the species diversity of Odonata. Species richness increases along a gradient from the centre of a city to the rural area and is significantly highest in rural areas. This pattern probably reflects a gradient of increasing habitat quality from the centre of cities to rural areas. Moreover, the number of water bodies is generally very low in the city centres., 2_Based on our results, we make recommendations for increasing the abundance and number of species of dragonflies in cities., Christoph Willigalla, Thomas Farmann., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public