The operator is required to be constantly vigilant and even more attentive when operating the device. The paper introduces a cooperation of a car simulator realized in the virtual reality (VR) environments and measurements of "human driver behavior" focused mainly on the aspects of HMI and drivers' attention decrease. In the first part a conception and a development of our VR car simulation devices are described. During the development of the car simulators many problems need to be solved. One of these problems is represented by a simplification and a partial automation of a scenery creation. The first part is dedicated to the algorithms used in our tools, which help to automate the creation of virtual scenes. The next part analyses, in greater detail, the tools themselves and the rest of this section deals with demonstration of the scenes, which were modeled using these tools. For simpler and faster generation of virtual sceneries it is suitable to store the models within a hierarchical database 3D object. Our database includes model objects from which it subsequently forms surroundings for the road virtual scenes. In the article is described how to specify the 3D model properties - their fundamental characteristic and consequent differentiation into specific categories. Sound perception cues are one of the most important ones besides the visual cues in the car simulation. The audio section of this article deals with simulating a sound of a car engine as a most significant audio stimulant for the driver. It shows the basics of the cross fading system which renders the car audio from multiple looped samples. The first part contains an analysis of car engine sound, the second part describes how to synthesize it on the computer. Validation measurements and consequent results are shown at the end of this section. The final paragraphs show examples of experiments developed for measurements of the driver's fatigue and other aspects of the driver's behavior.
This paper presents the idea of using two-dimensional geographical
data as a base for building a more realistic three-dimensional Virtual scene. The background of the geographical Information system (GIS) and its stay of art is discussed here. Then a framework architecture with description of system blocks and their functions to realize two to three dimensional transformation is defined here.
Golf is a popular sport, with increasingly large areas of urban and peri-urban land being designated for golf course development. Yet, more than half of the land area of a typical golf course is considered rough and out-of-play areas that can, if managed appropriately, provide habitats for wildlife. Using pitfall traps, 6944 carabid beetles belonging to 72 species were collected from five urban golf courses and three areas designated for golf course development around the city of Helsinki, Finland in 2007. The courses were rich in carabid species and distinct in their species assemblages. Golf courses were dominated by habitat generalists, species capable of flight and medium to large-sized species. The three courses with areas designated for further golf course development showed that the assemblages of beetles associated with these golf courses have retained many elements from the pre-existing habitats. The oldest golf course is characterised by a more evenly distributed and diverse carabid beetle assemblage, probably due to its higher habitat heterogeneity and longer successional development. However, even this golf course is dominated by generalist species, implying that golf courses may not provide suitable habitats for specialists. It is assumed that the high species richness of golf courses is attributed to the high habitat diversity of these environments, ranging from the strongly human-modified to more natural patches, which provide habitats for many generalist and open-habitat species. Golf courses may, however, with the appropriate management of out-of-play areas provide an opportunity for conserving biodiversity.
We examined the occurrence of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) at the edges of oak (Quercus pyrenaica) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in León, NW Spain. Pitfall traps were used to collect beetles from April to October 2002, and leaf litter cover and depth were measured. Traps were placed at three distances (0, 50 and 100 m) from the edges of eight forest patches. A total of 5436 carabids belonging to 43 species were collected. We found no statistically significant edge effect at the carabid assemblage level, i.e. the number of species and individuals was not higher at the edge compared to the forest interior. However, individual species were affected by distance from the edge. Five of the 14 species analysed responded predictably to the edge, three of them statistically significantly so. Four species did not respond in the predicted direction, two of them statistically significantly so. We found a considerable difference between forest types in terms of carabid assemblage composition and response to the edge. Oak forests were species richer and beech forests had a higher number of individuals. These differences were probably due to small-scale habitat heterogeneity in the oak forest patches, caused by man, and the homogeneous structure of beech forests. Leaf litter appeared to be one possible factor influencing the distribution of some species from the interior to the edge of forests.
I review the effects of habitat fragmentation on carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and examine whether the taxon could be used as an indicator of fragmentation. Related to this, I study the conservation needs of carabids. The reviewed studies showed that habitat fragmentation affects carabid assemblages. Many species that require habitat types found in interiors of fragments are threatened by fragmentation. On the other hand, the species composition of small fragments of habitat (up to a few hectares) is often altered by species invading from the surroundings. Recommendations for mitigating these adverse effects include maintenance of large habitat patches and connections between them. Furthermore, landscape homogenisation should be avoided by maintaining heterogeneity of habitat types. It appears that at least in the Northern Hemisphere there is enough data about carabids for them to be fruitfully used to signal changes in land use practices. Many carabid species have been classified as threatened. Maintenance of the red-listed carabids in the landscape requires species-specific or assemblage-specific measures.
Physico-chemical properties and carbohydrate-binding specificity of hemagglutination activity (HA) were compared in tissue lysates and haemolymph of unfed and bloodied females of five sandfly species. Sandfly gut lectins were found to be heat-labile, sensitive to dithiotreitol treatment, freezing/thawing procedures and were affected by divalent cations. The pH optimum of HA ranged between 7.0-7.5. Specificity of gut HA of all species studied was directed towards aminosugars and some glycoconjugates, mainly lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli K-235, heparin and fetuin. Gut HA of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) was strongly inhibited by lipophosphoglycan (LPG) from Leishmania major promastigotes. In females, that took blood, the HA was higher but the carbohydrate-binding specificity remained the same; this suggests that the same lectin molecule was present, at different levels, both in unfed and fed flies. High HA was found in ovaries of fed females of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz et Nieva, 1912), P. papatasi and P. duhoscqi Neveu-Lemaire, 1906. In P. papatasi and P. duboscqi the HA was present also in the haemolymph and head lysates of both fed and unfed females. Carbohydrate-binding specificity of HA present in these tissues was similar with the gut lectin.
Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles, 12 nm in size, were prepared by co-precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) chlorides with ammonium hydroxide and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. To achieve stability and biocompatibility, obtained particles were coated with silica, to which glucose and ascorbic acid were bound by different mechanisms. The composite particles were thoroughly characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, elemental analysis, and FT-Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy to determine composition, morphology, size and its distribution, ζ-potential, and scavenging of peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. As the particles showed promising antioxidative properties, they may have a possible application as a stable magnetically controlled scavenger of reactive oxygen species., M. Moskvin, D. Horák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Carcinopodacarus polymorphus gen. n. et sp. n. (Acariformes: Dermationidae: Dermationinae) is described from the guira cuckoo Guira guira (Gmelin) (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) in Brazil. The new genus differs from the closest genus, Psittophagoides Fain, 1964, by the following features: in both sexes, the anterior spines of trochanters I and II are absent (vs present in Psittophagoides), setae d2 are distinctly developed (vs only alveoli), and genual setae mGI are absent (vs present); in males, the hysteronotal shield is split transversally at the level of trochanters III (vs hysteronotal shield entire); in females, the platelets situated posterior to the propodonotal shield are absent (vs present), the metapodosomal sclerites are present (vs absent), and the adanal shields are fused anteriorly to each other (vs separated from each other). In this species, andropolymorphism is detected for the first time for the family. It involves various characters but the most impressive feature is the structure of legs III. In hetero- and mesomorphic males, these legs are strongly hypertrophied and have a distinct ventral spur on femora III; in homeomorphic males, legs III are not modified and subequal to legs IV., Fabio Akashi Hernandes, Luiz Gustavo A. Pedroso, Andre V. Bochkov., and Obsahuje bibliografii