In the present study changes of some blood parameters of wild female yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) caught from Persian Gulf were assayed during reproductive cycle. Altogether, 120 female A. latus (15 each month) were captured monthly from October 2010 to May 2011 from the Mussa Creek in the north-west of Persian Gulf. Blood samples were collected from caudal vein; plasma was separated and kept at –80 °C till analysis. Total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, electrolytes, calcium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium plus hepatic enzymes, Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), were assayed in plasma sample. Total protein and calcium increased parallel to ovarian development and decreased after spawning time. Cholesterol and triglyceride had a peak during vitellogenesis and decreased after spawning but glucose had a peak during spawning time. Most of the electrolytes (sodium, magnesium and potassium) did not show any significant changes during the reproductive cycle in A. Latus. AST reached a peak during final
maturation of ovaries but ALT did not show any significant difference during differentsampling times.Our findings showed that biochemical parameters could be used as indicators of physiological status during differentmaturation stage in this species.
Thermal requirements for flight in butterflies is determined by a combination of external factors, behaviour and physical constraints. Thorax temperature of 152 butterflies was monitored with an infra-red thermometer in controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature at take-off varied from 13.4°C, for a female Heteronympha merope to 46.3°C, for a female Junonia villida. Heteronympha merope, an understorey species, had the lowest recorded take-off temperatures, with females flying at a much lower thorax temperatures than males. Among the tested butterfly species, warming-up rate was positively correlated with take-off temperature and negatively with body mass. Wing loading is a major variable in determining the thorax flight temperature. Butterflies with the highest wing-loadings experienced the highest thorax temperatures at take-off. A notable exception to this rule is Trapezites symmomus, the only Hesperiidae of our data set, which had thorax flight temperatures of 31.5°C and 34.5°C, well within the range of the observed butterflies, despite a wing load ca. five times higher. The high thorax temperature recorded in J. villida is probably linked to its high flight speed. The results highlight the importance of physical constraints such as body size on the thermal requirements for flight across a range of butterfly species., Gabriel Nève, Casey Hall., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Genetic variation for thermal plasticity plays an important role in the success or failure of a species with respect to the colonization of different thermal habitats and the ability to deal with climatic change. The aim of this paper is to study the relative contribution of the additive and non-additive components of genetic variation for the slope of the temperature reaction norm for juvenile growth rate in the springtail Orchesella cincta. We present the outcome of an artificial selection experiment for steep and flat temperature reaction norms and the results of a parent-offspring heritability experiment. There was a considerable phenotypic variation for the slope of the reaction norm. The selection experiment and the offspring to parent regression analysis, however, yielded no evidence for significant additive genetic variance. There were also no indications for maternal effects. The full-sib analysis, on the other hand, revealed a significant broad sense heritability of 0.76. An unforeseen result was that the slopes of females were steeper than those of males. This influenced the broad sense heritability of the full-sib analysis, since accidental female or male biased broods inflate the estimate of heritability. A randomization test showed that the probability level of the observed "between group" variance on the basis of the sexual differences alone was less than 10-5. From this we conclude that autosomal genetic variation played its own separate role. In conclusion, the thermal reaction norm for growth in juvenile O. cincta is not very much determined by the additive effects of a large number of independent genes, but more likely based on a still unknown but mainly non-additive, partially sex-related genetic mechanism, possibly including both dominance and epistatic effects. Hypotheses about the role of phenotypic plasticity in processes of local adaptation and speciation should thus be alert to such a complex genetic architecture.
There exists a rich literature on systems of connections and systems of vector fields, stimulated by the irimportance in geometry and physis. In the previous papers [T1], [T2] we examined a simple type of systems of vector fields, called parameter dependent vector fields, and established their varionational equation.
In this paper we generalize the above equation to the projectable system of vector fields. The material is organized as follows: in the first section the geometry of the product bundle is presented. In the second we introduce the notion of derivative along a direction and prove Theorem 1. The third section is devoted to Theorem
2, which represents the main result of the paper. Some examples are presented in the last section. In a further paper we will apply the results in order to investigate some special systems as strong systems, “nice” systems and systems of connections generated by systems of vector fields.
We study the integrability of Banach space valued strongly measurable functions defined on [0, 1]. In the case of functions f given by ∑ ∞ n=1 xnχEn , where xn are points of a Banach space and the sets En are Lebesgue measurable and pairwise disjoint subsets of [0, 1], there are well known characterizations for Bochner and Pettis integrability of f. The function f is Bochner integrable if and only if the series ∑∞ n=1 xn|En| is absolutely convergent. Unconditional convergence of the series is equivalent to Pettis integrability of f. In this paper we give some conditions for variational Henstock integrability of a certain class of such functions.
We study properties of variational measures associated with certain conditionally convergent integrals in ${\mathbb R}^m$. In particular we give a full descriptive characterization of these integrals.
Some properties of absolutely continuous variational measures associated with local systems of sets are established. The classes of functions generating such measures are described. It is shown by constructing an example that there exists a $\mathcal{P}$-adic path system that defines a differentiation basis which does not possess Ward property.