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4462. Challenge of human factor influence for car safety
- Creator:
- Novák, Mirko and Votruba, Zdeněk
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- interaction between driver and artificial system, reliability, transportation systems, training, EEG, and prediction diagnostics
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Human society needs still more intensive exploitation of all kinds of transportation facilities. This need has already lasted for several decades and will be much more imperative in future. Mobility is one of the basic requirements for survival, besides the energy and food resources, health care and security. The requirements on transportation systems concern not only the quantitative and qualitative aspects of transportation activities, but still more also the aspects of their reliability and safety. This concerns not only the transported subjects or goods but also the environment. The losses caused by failures of transportation activities reach even now a very high level and if not limited by systematic research and preventive activity, they will reach quite a tremendous level soon. However, practically all the conternporary transportation vehicles, trains, ships and planes and also all the transportation systems need, for their proper operation, the interaction with human beings, which drive them, controls them or uses them and maintains them. In spite of the fact that significant progress was made in recent years as concerns the transportation systems automation, the fully automatic transportation systam in use is still foreseen in the considerably far future. Analyzing the reliability and safety of transportation, one finds that the activity of a human being is the weakest point. The technical reliability of almost all transportation tools has improved quite a lot in the past years; however, the human subject interacting with them has not changed too much, as for his/her reliability and safety of the respective necessary interaction. Therefore there is a vital necessity to improve it and the possibilities how to implement it will stay more and more in the focus of our interest. In this paper an overview of the related problems is made, the challenges for further research and development in this area are discussed and the outline of a vision, with respect to human interaction reliability, of optimized transportation systems is presented.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4463. Challenged Universality - Kant and a Citoyenne between Stage and Scaffold /
- Creator:
- Müßig, Ulrike
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Filozofie, Kant, Immanuel,, filozofové němečtí, universalismus, práva lidská, občanství, Německo, světové dějiny 1648-1789, and filozofie, filozofové
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
4464. Challenges of Early Modern Diplomacy: Elizabethan Envoys to German Imperial Diets /
- Creator:
- Bechtold, Jonas
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Mezinárodní vztahy, světová politika, Alžběta, novověk raný, sněmy říšské, diplomacie, vztahy britsko-německé, Velká Británie, Německo, světové dějiny 1492-1648, and zahraniční politika, mezinárodní vztahy
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
4465. Challenges of microsatellite development in Lepidoptera: Euphydryas aurinia (Nymphalidae) as a case study
- Creator:
- Sinama, Melthide, Dubut, Vincent, Costedoat, Caroline, Gilles, André, Junker, Marius, Malausa, Thibaut, Martin, Jean-François, Nève, Gabriel, Pech, Nicolas, Schmitt, Thomas, Zimmermann, Marie, and Meglécz, Emese
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, microsatellite, null allele, 454 sequencing, QDD, Euphydryas aurinia, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Currently it remains difficult to obtain robust microsatellite markers for Lepidoptera. In an attempt to overcome the problems associated with developing microsatellite markers for this insect order we combined (i) biotin-enrichment protocol, (ii) next generation pyrosequencing (through 454 GS-FLX Titanium technology) and (iii) the use of individuals collected from eight geographically distant European populations representing three subspecies of Euphydryas aurinia. Out of 96 stringently designed primer pairs, 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci amplified without obvious evidence of null alleles in eight individuals from different subspecies. Between five and seven of these loci showed full within population applicability and three revealed to be robust and transferable between populations and sub-species, providing a first step towards the development of a valuable and robust tool for studying conservation issues and evolution in E. aurinia populations. Nevertheless, as in most studies dealing with Lepidoptera microsatellites, null alleles were detected in most of the developed markers. Our results emphasize the need for further research in order to better understand the complex evolution and organization of Lepidopteran genomes. and Melthide Sinama, Vincent Dubut, Caroline Costedoat, André Gilles, Marius Junker, Thibaut Malausa, Jean-François Martin, Gabriel Nève, Nicolas Pech, Thomas Schmitt, Marie Zimmermann, Emese Meglécz.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4466. Chambon J.-P-: Atlas des genitalia mâles des Lépidoptéres Tortricidae de France et de Belgique
- Creator:
- Jaroš, J.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4467. Chamois introductions to Central Europe and New Zealand
- Creator:
- Martínková, Natália, Zemanová, Barbora, Kranz, Andreas, Giménez, Mabel D., and Hájková, Petra
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Alpine chamois, animal translocations, introduction, invasive species, and Rupicapra rupicapra
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) introductions were popular at the beginning of the 20th century when first animals were shipped from Austria to the Czech Republic and New Zealand. The historical record of the Czech introduction indicates Neuberg Mürzsteg Game Reserve in Eastern Alps, Styria, Austria as the main area of origin of founders. First animals for the New Zealand population are thought to have originated from Ebensee, Upper Austria, Austria and later more animals came from the Mürzsteg region. We sequenced mitochondrial control region of chamois from the introduced populations and their putative source areas, and we applied median-joining networks and Bayesian inference analysis to distinguish the regions of origin of female founders. We found the Mürzsteg region as the most likely source population for introductions to the Czech Republic and New Zealand, supplemented with close association with sequences from Ebensee in populations from the Czech Republic. Genetic diversity present in the Czech Republic was further relocated to the introduced populations in Slovakia in the 1960’s.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
4468. Chance constrained bottleneck transportation problem with preference of routes
- Creator:
- Ge, Yue, Chen, Minghao, and Ishii, Hiroaki
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- bottleneck transportation, random transportation time, chance constrant, preference of routes, and non-domination
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- This paper considers a variant of the bottleneck transportation problem. For each supply-demand point pair, the transportation time is an independent random variable. Preference of each route is attached. Our model has two criteria, namely: minimize the transportation time target subject to a chance constraint and maximize the minimal preference among the used routes. Since usually a transportation pattern optimizing two objectives simultaneously does not exist, we define non-domination in this setting and propose an efficient algorithm to find some non-dominated transportation patterns. We then show the time complexity of the proposed algorithm. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate how our algorithm works.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4469. Chance constrained optimal beam design: convex reformulation and probabilistic robust design
- Creator:
- Kůdela, Jakub and Popela, Pavel
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- optimal design, stochastic programming, chance constrained optimization, probabilistic robust design, and geometric programming
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In this paper, we are concerned with a civil engineering application of optimization, namely the optimal design of a loaded beam. The developed optimization model includes ODE-type constraints and chance constraints. We use the finite element method (FEM) for the approximation of the ODE constraints. We derive a convex reformulation that transforms the problem into a linear one and find its analytic solution. Afterwards, we impose chance constraints on the stress and the deflection of the beam. These chance constraints are handled by a sampling method (Probabilistic Robust Design).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4470. Chance constrained problems: penalty reformulation and performance of sample approximation technique
- Creator:
- Branda, Martin
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- chance constrained problems, penalty functions, asymptotic equivalence, sample approximation technique, and investment problem
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We explore reformulation of nonlinear stochastic programs with several joint chance constraints by stochastic programs with suitably chosen penalty-type objectives. We show that the two problems are asymptotically equivalent. Simpler cases with one chance constraint and particular penalty functions were studied in [6,11]. The obtained problems with penalties and with a fixed set of feasible solutions are simpler to solve and analyze then the chance constrained programs. We discuss solving both problems using Monte-Carlo simulation techniques for the cases when the set of feasible solution is finite or infinite bounded. The approach is applied to a financial optimization problem with Value at Risk constraint, transaction costs and integer allocations. We compare the ability to generate a feasible solution of the original chance constrained problem using the sample approximations of the chance constraints directly or via sample approximation of the penalty function objective.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public