Different pigments often occur together and affect photosynthetic characteristics of the respective leaf portions. In this study, photosynthetic activity in variegated leaves of five cultivars of the ornamental and medicinal plant, Coleus × hybridus hort., was estimated by image analysis and point data measurements of major chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters and related to the amount of photosynthetic pigments measured with a Chl meter or spectrophotometrically in leaf extracts. Significant differences in Chl and carotenoid (Car) contents were noticed among differentially pigmented sectors of a leaf and among the cultivars. Although the higher Chl concentration was noticed in purple parts compared to green parts of the leaves, the values of minimal and maximal fluorescence yield at the dark- and light-adapted state (F0, Fm, F0', Fm', respectively) were a little lower than those in the green sectors, indicating photoprotective effects provided by anthocyanins and Car, more abundant in the red parts. The lowest Chl and Car content was detected in creamy-yellow and pink sectors and this contributed to low F0, Fm, and Fm', maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and nonphotochemical and photochemical quenching but high PSII maximum efficiency and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry. Both methods of Chl fluorescence analysis revealed heterogeneity in capture, transfer, and dissipation of excitation energy but Chl fluorescence imaging was more suitable in examining very narrow pigmented leaf areas., M. Borek, R. Bączek-Kwinta, M. Rapacz., and Seznam literatury
Leafless Duvalia velutina Lavranos (Apocynaceae) is an
arido-active stem succulent common in the arid region southwest of the Arabian Peninsula. This region is characterized by a short wet season with erratic rainfall and a long dry season with high temperature and high irradiance. We investigated the survival strategy of D. velutina by studying nurse association, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Results showed that D. velutina exhibited the strict nurse association with shade for protection against heat and high irradiance. Results also showed that D. velutina is an obligate CAM plant with ample physiotypic plasticity involving a shift to CAM-idling under prolonged drought. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed water stress-induced reduction of PSII activity occurring in concomitance with a marked rise of nonphotochemical quenching and chlorenchyma anthocyanin content. These results reflected photoprotective capacity involving nonradiative excess energy dissipation and antioxidative attributes. We concluded that the complex survival strategy of D. velutina in its natural arid habitat includes a multifaceted interplay of nurse association, physiotypic plasticity, and photoprotective mechanisms., Y. S. Masrahi, T. A. Al-Turki, O. H. Sayed., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Water deficit is an important exogenous factor that enhances the influx of sucrose into sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) stem internodes during ripening, when photosynthetic ability in supplying sinks is essential. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that drought tolerance in sugarcane is associated with an effective antioxidant protection during the ripening phase that might maintain a favorable redox balance in chloroplasts and protect photosynthesis under drought conditions. Two commercial sugarcane varieties, IACSP94-2094 (tolerant) and IACSP96-2042 (sensitive), with contrasting behavior under water deficit, were subjected to water withholding during the ripening stage. Our results revealed that the tolerant variety was less affected by water deficit, maintaining photosynthesis for a longer period and showing a faster recovery after rehydration as compared to the sensitive one. As consequence, the tolerant variety faced lesser excess of light energy at PSII. The maintenance of photosynthesis under water deficit and its fast recovery after rehydration resulted in the lower leaf H2O2 concentration and favorable redox status in the drought-tolerant genotype, which was associated with stimulation of superoxide dismutase during ripening. Our results also revealed that ferric superoxide dismutase isoforms were strongly enhanced under drought conditions, playing an important role in chloroplast redox homeostasis., C. R. G. Sales, P. E. R. Marchiori, R. S. Machado, A. V. Fontenele, E. C. Machado, J. A. G. Silveira, R. V. Ribeiro., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Insufficient attention has been paid to the physiological responses of sesame to drought and it is unclear if exogenous plant growth regulators are beneficial to drought-stressed sesame. Thus, a field study was conducted on seven Sesamum indicum genotypes affected by two levels of irrigation (60 and 80% depletions in available soil water) and by foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA; 0 and 0.6 mM). Water deficit led to depressions in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf area index, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII, and plant dry matter and seed yield, despite increases in carotenoid concentration, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities. SA was found beneficial in ameliorating the depressions in all of the above characteristics, indicating that it could be applied for lessening the harmful effects of the drought stress., M. Yousefzadeh Najafabadi, P. Ehsanzadeh., and Obsahuje použitou literaturu
Cadmium inhibits photosynthetic capacity of plants by disturbing protein conformations, whereas phytocystatins prevent degradation of target proteins and are involved in abiotic stress tolerance. Two mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars, Ro Agro 4001 and Amruta, were grown with Cd (50 µM) in order to study physiological and biochemical basis of differences in Cd tolerance. Amruta accumulated higher Cd and H2O2 concentrations in leaves than that of Ro Agro 4001. Cd significantly decreased photosynthesis and growth of plants in both cultivars by reducing a chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, and activity of Rubisco; the effects were more prominent in Amruta than those in Ro Agro 4001. The greater photosynthesis and growth of Ro Agro 4001 under Cd stress might be attributed to its higher phytocystatin activity together with greater ascorbate peroxidase activity, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, sulphur assimilation (ATP-sulphurylase activity and S content), and contents of cysteine and reduced glutathione compared to Amruta. In contrast, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was higher in Amruta than that of Ro Agro 4001 under control conditions, whereas the Cd treatment increased significantly the SOD activity in both cultivars with the greater increase in Ro Agro 4001. The fluorescence spectra of phytocystatin showed a lesser change in Ro Agro 4001 under Cd stress than that in Amruta suggesting higher resistance of Ro Agro 4001 to Cd. The higher phytocystatin activity under Cd stress in Ro Agro 4001 compared to Amruta enabled the plants to protect their proteins more efficiently. This resulted in a greater increase of photosynthetic capacity in Ro Agro 4001 than that of Amruta. Thus, the phytocystatin activity may be considered as a physiological parameter for augmenting photosynthesis and growth of mustard under Cd stress., T. S. Per, S. Khan, M. Asgher, B. Bano, N. A. Khan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Two foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) varieties were subjected to different shading intensity treatments during a grain-filling stage in a field experiment in order to clarify physiological mechanisms of low-light effects on the yield. Our results showed that the grain fresh mass per panicle, yield, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and electron transport rate decreased with the increase of shading intensity, whereas the intercellular CO2 concentration increased in both varieties. In addition, shading changed a double-peak diurnal variation of photosynthesis to a one-peak curve. In conclusion, the lower yield of foxtail millet was caused mainly by a reduction of grain mass assimilated, a decline in chlorophyll content, and the low photosynthetic rate due to low light during the grain-filling stage. Reduced light energy absorption and conversion, restricted electron transfer, and reduced stomatal conductance might cause the decrease in photosynthesis., X. Y. Yuan, L. G. Zhang, L. Huang, X. Qi, Y. Y. Wen, S. Q. Dong, X. E. Song, H. F. Wang, P. Y. Guo., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Xerophytic stomatal traits may help plants maintain photosynthetic rates under water deficit; however, such adaptations are not well understood. A pot experiment was conducted with two winter wheat cultivars (Pubing 143, Zhengyin 1) during the grain-filling period. Net photosynthetic rate (PN) and chlorophyll (Chl) content were significantly less affected by water deficit in Pubing 143 than that in Zhengyin 1, and the variation in both PN and Chl content were more stable in spikes compared to flag leaves. At 18 days after anthesis, stomatal conductance of spikes in Pubing 143 were 28% lower than that of the control, while transpiration rate was 34% lower in Zhengyin 1 under water deficit. We provided the first evidence of amphistomatous stomata on the lemma of winter wheat spikes through scanning electron microscopic observations. The finding of the amphistomatous stomata is an important contribution to stomatal distribution and may help explain how wheat spikes can maintain high photosynthetic rates even under drought conditions., H. Ding, D. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Li, J. Kang, J. Lv, G. Wang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
An experiment was performed to study gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to various regimes, such as flooding-midseason drying-flooding (FDF), flooding-midseason drying-saturation (FDS), and flooding-rain-fed (FR) regimes. Compared to FDF, FR resulted in an obvious decrease in net photosynthetic rate (PN), due to the decrease in stomatal conductance and the increase in stomatal limitation. In contrast, FDS plants did not suffer stomatal limitation and had comparable PN with FDF plants. For diurnal light-saturated electron transport rate and saturation irradiance, FDF performed the best, which was followed by FDS and FR successively. FR and FDS plants tended to suffer from midday depression. FDS reduced irrigated water by 17.2% compared to FDF for comparable yields. The results suggested that FDS can be an effective irrigation regime to save water., X. H. Wu, W. Wang, X. L. Xie, C. M. Yin, K. J. Xie., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Cell wall-bound phenolics (CWP) play an important role in the mechanisms of plant acclimation to soil drought. The study involved CWP analyses in 50 strains and 50 doubled haploid (DH) lines of winter triticale exposed to drought at their vegetative and generative stages. CWP in the plants experiencing drought at the generative stage positively correlated with their leaf water contents. The strains and DH lines characterized by high content of CWP showed higher leaf water content and higher activity of photosynthetic apparatus when exposed to drought at the generative stage compared to the strains and DH lines with the low CWP content. Furthermore, when drought subsided at the generative stage, the strains and DH lines richer in CWP demonstrated higher regeneration potential and their grain yield loss was smaller., K. Hura, A. Ostrowska, K. Dziurka, T. Hura., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The study was carried out in a four-year-old super-high density olive grove in Central Italy to compare leaf gas exchanges of Spanish Arbequina and Italian Maurino olive cultivars. Overall, from mid July to mid November, Maurino had a slightly higher maximum
light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (PNmax) than Arbequina. The lowest and the highest PNmax values were recorded at the end of July and in mid November, respectively. Current-season leaves showed similar or slightly higher PNmax values than one-year-old leaves. During the day Maurino always had slightly higher values or values similar to Arbequina, with the highest PNmax being in the morning. Maurino had similar or higher dark respiration rate (RD) values compared to Arbequina. During the day, in both cultivars the RD was lower at 9:00 than in the afternoon. The pattern of the photosynthetic irradiance-response curve was similar in the two genotypes, but the apparent quantum yield (YQ) was higher in Maurino. In both cultivars intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) tended to increase when PNmax decreased. The increase in Ci corresponded to a decrease in stomatal conductance (gs). The transpiration rate (E) increased from mid July to the beginning of August, then decreased in September and increased again in November. Particularly in the morning, the current-season leaves showed similar or slightly higher E values than the one-year-old leaves. During the day, in both cultivars and at both leaf ages, E was higher in the afternoon. No effects on leaf gas exchanges due to the presence or absence of fruit on the shoot were found. Overall, there was satisfactory physiological adaptation for Arbequina to the conditions of Central Italy and for Maurino to the superintensive grove conditions., P. Proietti, L. Nasini, and L. Ilarioni., and Obsahuje bibliografii