The paper describes the main point sources of groundwater pollution in the Lower Váh River flood plain in the zone of influence of the designed waterwork Sereď-Hlohovec. These are the sludge beds of the Wire Mill Hlohovec and the industrial waste of nickel production (futher only waste) depot near Sereď town. The plumes of propagation of representatives of non-adsorbing dissolved matters in ground water - chlorides and nitrates - were acquired by simulation by means of transport models created by the MT3D code. The forecasts of pollutant propagation assuming steady ground water flow were elaborated for the derivation variant of the designed waterwork and for the so-called do-nothing variant, i.e. the forecasted water regime of the territory in case the waterwork is not built. As chlorides are leaking from the sludge bed of the Wire Mill Hlohovec, j.s.c. and assuming that their concentration will remain as high as at present, the possibility of direct manifestations of ground water quality deterioration in the surrounding of the sludge bed has to be reckoned with if the waterwork is built and operated but also in the event that the waterwork will not be built at all. Similarly, we may state that the leakage of nitrates from the waste depot will result in the deterioration of water quality in the surroundings and that the pollution will spread towards Galanta town and Gáň. By comparing the plumes of pollutant propagation and concentration we found out, that the Sereď-Hlohovec waterwork will affect neither the direction of propagation, nor the concentration of nitrates leaking from the waste depot near Sereď. and V príspevku sú opísané hlavné bodové zdroje znečisťovania podzemnej vody v poriečnej nive dolného Váhu v zóně vplyvu navrhovaného vodného diela Sereď-Hlohovec, ktorými sú kalové pole Drôtovne a.s., Hlohovec a skládka luženca blízko Seredě. Pomocou matematického transportného programu MT3D boli získané jazyky šírenia koncentrácie reprezentantou neadsorbujúcich rozpustených látok v podzemnej vode - chloridov a dusičnanov. Prognózy šírenia kontaminantov za predpokladu ustáleného stavu prúdenia podzemnej vody boli vypracované pre derivačný variant navrhovaného vodného diela a pre tzv. nulový variant, t.j. prognózovaný vodný režim územia, ak by sa stavba vodného diela nerealizovala. Pri existencii únikov chloridov z kalového poľa Drôtovne a.s., Hlohovec a za predpokladu, že ich koncentrácia bude rovnako vysoká ako je v súčasnosti, treba počítať s možnosťou priamych prejavov zhoršovania sa kvality podzemnej vody v okolí kalového poľa, a to v prípade výstavby a prevádzky vodného diela, ale aj v prípade, že sa vodné dielo stavať nebude. Podobne možno konštatovať, že pri únikoch dusičnanov z okolia skládky luženca pri Seredi bude docházať k zhoršovania kvality podzemných vôd v blízkom okolí a jazyk znečistenia bude postupovať smerom na Galantu a Gáň. Porovnaním jazykov šírenia kontaminantu a jeho koncentrácie bolo zistené, že vodné dielo Sereď-Hlohovec nebude mať vplyv ani na smer pohybu ani na koncentráciu dusičnanov šíriacich sa z okolia skládky luženca.
Progresívna multifokálna leukoencefalopatia (PML) je závažnou oportúnnou infekciou centrálneho nervového systému, ktorá sa typicky vyvíja u ťažko imunokompromitovaných jedincov (s infekciou HIV, hematologickými malignitami, po transplantácii orgánov), ale v poslednej dobe aj u chorých s rôznym typom autoimunitných ochorení, liečených biologickou liečbou. V liečbe pacientov s vysoko aktívnou relapsujúcou/remitujúcou sclerosis multiplex používame už niekolko rokov natalizumab-rekombinantnú humanizovanú monoklonovú protilátku proti alfa reťazcu - ?4?1 integrínu. Úspech terapie natalizumabom komplikuje riziko vzniku PML, v patogenéze ktorej je kľúčovým hráčom John Cunninghamov vírus (JCV). Riziko PML stúpa s prolongovaným užívaním lieku (viac ako 24 mesiacov), predovšetkým u chorých s pozitívnym dôkazom protilátok proti JCV v sére a v minulosti liečených imunosupresívami. Takýto rizikový pacient vyžaduje prísne klinické a rádiologické sledovanie. Nálezy PML na magnetickej rezonancii (MR) pacientov so sclerosis multiplex (SM) liečených natalizumabom sú rôznorodé a veľmi menlivé, v úvodných fázach niekedy ťažko detekovateľné a úplne iné, než sú MR nálezy PML u HIV pozitívnych pacientov. Po ukončení natalizumabu boli pozorované klinické a/ alebo MR dôkazy reaktivácie SM, v niektorých prípadoch aj syndróm zápalovej rekonštitúcie imunitného systému (immune reconstitution inflammatory syndróm - IRIS), ktorý nedokážeme klinicky od samotnej PML odlíšiť a môže komplikovať priebeh už potvrdenej PML po použití plazmaferézy Pri interpretácii MR nálezov treba na tieto skutočnosti myslieť., Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a serious opportunistic infection of the CNS, which typically develops in severe immunocompromised individuals (HIV infection, haematological malignancy, organ transplant), but recently also in patients with various types of autoimmune diseases, treated by biological treatment. Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cell adhesion molecule - ?4?1 integrin, is used in the treatment of high active relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis for several years. The success of therapy with natalizumab complicates risk of PML, depends on treatment duration (more than 24 months), anti-JCV antibody serology status, and prior administration of immunosupressive drugs. MRI findings of PML in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab are heterogenous an highly variable, in the early stages sometimes difficult to detect and completely different from PML of HIV patients. After natalizumab discontinuation, there were observed clinical and/or MRI evidence of reactivation of multiple sclerosis, in some cases IRIS-syndrome - which one we are unable to distinguish clinically from PML and it may complicates the treatment of PML after plasma exchange. These facts must be taken into account when interpreting MRI findings., Monika Daňová, Eleonóra Klímová, and Literatura
Climate change scenarios of high quantiles of 5-day precipitation amounts (proxies for flood-generating events) over the Czech Republic are evaluated in an ensemble of high-resolution Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations from the ENSEMBLES project. The region-of-influence method of the regional frequency analysis is applied as a pooling scheme. This means that for any single gridbox, a homogeneous region (set of gridboxes) is identified and data from that region are used when fitting the Generalized Extreme Value distribution. The climate change scenarios for the late 21st century (2070-2099) show widespread increases in high quantiles of 5-day precipitation amounts in winter, consistent with projected changes in mean winter precipitation. In summer, increases in precipitation extremes occur despite an overall drying (prevailing declines in mean summer precipitation), which may have important hydrological implications. The results for summer suggest a possible substantial change in characteristics of warm-season precipitation over Central Europe, with more severe dry as well as wet extremes. The spatial pattern of projected changes in summer precipitation extremes, with larger increases in the western part of the area and smaller changes towards east, may also point to a declining role of Mediterranean cyclones in producing precipitation extremes in Central Europe in a future climate. However, uncertainties of the climate change scenarios remain large, which is partly due to biases in reproducing precipitation characteristics in climate models, partly due to large differences among the RCMs, and partly due to factors that are poorly or not at all represented in the examined ensemble. The latter are related also to uncertainties in future emission scenarios and socio-economic development in general. and Práca analyzuje scenáre klimatickej zmeny pre vysoké kvantily 5-denných úhrnov zrážok (ktoré predstavujú možné riziko z pohľadu tvorby povodňových udalostí) na území Českej republiky, a to na základe širšej množiny simulácií z regionálnych klimatických modelov (RCM) s vysokým priestorovým rozlíšením, dostupných z projektu ENSEMBLES. Kvantily zrážkových extrémov sa odhadujú na základe metódy vplyvného regiónu, ktorá je jedným z variantov regionálnej frekvenčnej analýzy. To znamená, že pre každý gridový bod sa identifikuje jedinečný homogénny región (t.j. množina ďalších gridových bodov) a zrážkové údaje dostupné zo všetkých gridových bodov v rámci daného regiónu sa zužitkujú v procese odhadovania kvantilov využitím zovšeobecneného extremálneho rozdelenia. Scenáre klimatickej zmeny pre obdobie posledných troch dekád 21. storočia (2070-2099) naznačujú rozsiahly nárast vysokých kvantilov 5-denných úhrnov zrážok počas zimy, čo je v súlade s predpokladanými zmenami v priemerných úhrnoch zrážok za zimu. V lete sa tiež očakáva zvýšenie extrémnych úhrnov zrážok, čo môže v súvislosti s predpokladaným všeobecným úbytkom zrážok v tomto období (t.j. napriek prevažujúcemu poklesu priemerných úhrnov zrážok v lete) viesť k vážnym hydrologickým následkom. Výsledky pre leto naznačujú zásadnú zmenu v režime úhrnov zrážok v strednej Európe v teplom období roka, spojenú s častejším výskytom nepriaznivých suchých aj vlhkých extrémov. Priestorové rozdelenie predpokladaných zmien v extrémnych úhrnoch zrážok za leto - s vyšším nárastom v západných častiach skúmanej oblasti a postupne menej výrazným nárastom smerom na východ - zrejme poukazuje na slabnúcu úlohu stredomorských cyklón pri tvorbe zrážkových extrémov v strednej Európe v nastávajúcich klimatických podmienkach. Treba však podotknúť, že neurčitosť scenárov klimatickej zmeny je stále veľká, a to jednak v dôsledku nepresností v reprodukcii charakteristík úhrnov zrážok v klimatických modeloch, ďalej kvôli významným rozdielom medzi jednotlivými RCM, a nakoniec aj v dôsledku klimatických faktorov, ktoré sú slabo reprezentované, prípadne nie sú vôbec zahrnuté v analyzovanej množine výstupov klimatických modelov. Spomínané klimatické faktory takisto závisia od emisných scenárov skleníkových plynov, resp. od socio-ekonomického vývoja ľudstva vo všeobecnosti.
Projected changes of warm season (May-September) rainfall events in an ensemble of 30 regional climate model (RCM) simulations are assessed for the Czech Republic. Individual rainfall events are identified using the concept of minimum inter-event time and only heavy events are considered. The changes of rainfall event characteristics are evaluated between the control (1981-2000) and two scenario (2020-2049 and 2070-2099) periods. Despite a consistent decrease in the number of heavy rainfall events, there is a large uncertainty in projected changes in seasonal precipitation total due to heavy events. Most considered characteristics (rainfall event depth, mean rainfall rate, maximum 60-min rainfall intensity and indicators of rainfall event erosivity) are projected to increase and larger increases appear for more extreme values. Only rainfall event duration slightly decreases in the more distant scenario period according to the RCM simulations. As a consequence, the number of less extreme heavy rainfall events as well as the number of long events decreases in majority of the RCM simulations. Changes in most event characteristics (and especially in characteristics related to the rainfall intensity) depend on changes in radiative forcing and temperature for the future periods. Only changes in the number of events and seasonal total due to heavy events depend significantly on altitude.
Hydrologic cycle in the Liz catchment is described with an anomaly in the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Experimental catchment Liz is located in the Šumava Mts. in the Czech Republic. The fully forested watershed is covered by mature spruce forest, and its basic characteristics are as follows: drainage area 0.99 km2, mean discharge 0.01m3 s-1, runoff coefficient 0.38, mean annual air temperature 6.30 oC, average slope 17 %, basin length 1.45 km, water course length 1.43 km, elevation 828-1074 m a.s.l., precipitation sum 851 mm year-1, and runoff depth 324 mm year-1. Air temperature, precipitation, global radiation, and discharge in the closing profile are measured in the catchment. It is characteristic for hydrologic cycle in the catchment that the share of seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature was nearly constant in 1983-2000. However, the seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature were changed considerably in 1983-2000. Similarly, the share of seasonal sums of both the rainfall and runoff was nearly constant in 1983-1991 and 1997-1999. An anomalous course of climate was registered in 1992-1996, manifested by a deviation on the double mass curve of the seasonal sums of rainfall and runoff. Stabilised elsewhere, the ratio of rainfall and runoff is changed during the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Starting from the 1997 season, this ratio has obtained the value held before 1992. The reason of the 1992-1996 anomaly of hydrologic cycle in the experimental catchment had to be significant external phenomenon, most likely explosion of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in Philippines on June 15, 1991. and Hydrologic cycle in the Liz catchment is described with an anomaly in the vegetation seasons 1992- 1996. Experimental catchment Liz is located in the Šumava Mts. in the Czech Republic. The fully forested watershed is covered by mature spruce forest, and its basic characteristics are as follows: drainage area 0.99 km2 , mean discharge 0.01m3 s -1, runoff coefficient 0.38, mean annual air temperature 6.30 ºC, average slope 17 %, basin length 1.45 km, water course length 1.43 km, elevation 828-1074 m a.s.l., precipitation sum 851 mm year-1, and runoff depth 324 mm year-1. Air temperature, precipitation, global radiation, and discharge in the closing profile are measured in the catchment. It is characteristic for hydrologic cycle in the catchment that the share of seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature was nearly constant in 1983-2000. However, the seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature were changed considerably in 1983-2000. Similarly, the share of seasonal sums of both the rainfall and runoff was nearly constant in 1983-991 and 1997-1999. An anomalous course of climate was registered in 1992-1996, manifested by a deviation on the double mass curve of the seasonal sums of rainfall and runoff. Stabilised elsewhere, the ratio of rainfall and runoff is changed during the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Starting from the 1997 season, this ratio has obtained the value held before 1992. The reason of the 1992-1996 anomaly of hydrologic cycle in the experimental catchment had to be significant external phenomenon, most likely explosion of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in Philippines on June 15, 1991.