V tomto příspěvku se budeme zabývat úlohami fyzikální olympiády zaměřenými na sluneční záření dopadající na povrch Země, které lze považovat za součást kosmického záření. Úloh s touto tematikou nalezneme ve fyzikální olympiádě na různých úrovních celou řadu, my zde představíme dvě teoretické úlohy. První z nich byla zadána na 46. mezinárodní fyzikální olympiádě (MFO) v Indii v roce 2015. I druhá úloha je ze 46. ročníku, ale tentokrát slovenské fyzikální olympiády. Tento ročník proběhl již ve školním roce 2004/05. and Filip Studnička, Ľubomír Konrád, Jan Kříž, Bohumil Vybíral.
This paper concerns the topic of slur reclamation. I start with presenting two seemingly opposing accounts of slur reclamation, Jeshion’s (2020) Polysemy view and Bianchi’s (2014) Echoic view. Then, using the data provided by linguists, I discuss the histories of the reclamation of the slur ‘queer’ and of the n-word, which brings me to presenting a view of reclamation that combines the Polysemy view and Echoic view. The Combined view of slur reclamation proposed in this paper postulates meaning change while fleshing out the pragmatic mechanisms necessary for it to occur.
We shall wipe the tears away with sour fist. Discussion of "the poet's right to be sad" in the Slovak literary environment in the latter half of the twentieth century and the Czeh cultural context.
Research of the last years pointed out that most soils are neither completely hydrophilic nor hydrophobic, but exhibit a subcritical level of water repellency (i.e. contact angle, CA > 0° and < 90°). Soil water repellency (SWR) is mainly caused by organic compounds of different origin and structure, showing the relevance of biofilms and organic coatings present at many particle surfaces. Despite the importance of SWR for hydraulic processes like preferential flow phenomena, generation of heterogeneous moisture patterns, or surface run-off generation, detailed investigations on the spatial variability of SWR at various scales have rarely been carried out. We introduce a new and easy-to-apply operation for measuring the spatial distribution of SWR using a modified sessile drop method for direct optical assessment of CA at a small scale. The specific objectives of this paper are to apply a sampling and preparation technique that preserves the original spatial arrangement of soil particles and to characterize soil wettability in terms of CA at a high spatial resolution. Results revealed that the sampling and preparation technique allows determination of CA at the millimeter scale using droplets of 1 µL volume. Direct measurement on grain surfaces of the sand fraction is possible for grain sizes > 300 µm using drop volumes down to 0.1 µL. Geostatistical evaluation showed that the measurement grid scale is below the range of spatial dependency for droplets of 1 µL volume, but not for measurements on single grains (pure nugget effect). Results show further that the small-scale differences in wettability, especially for CA < 90°, cannot be detected by the conventional WDPT test. From these findings it can be concluded that the proposed technique allows the identification of small-scale variations in wettability that may promote the formation of heterogeneous flow fields and moisture patterns in soil under unsaturated conditions.