We consider a special dilatant fluid model for which the apparent viscosity can be expressed as a polynomial in the second scalar invariant of the rate of strain tensor. The model has been used to investigate the steady plane Couette flow of a non-Newtonian fluid through a channel with suction, assumed small, at the lower porous wall. The introduction of a similarity transformation in the perturbed governing partial differential equations of the flow leads to a system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations. The solutions of these equations have been obtained analytically as a power series in the suction parameter . The combined effects of the non-Newtonian and the suction parameters on the longitudinal and transverse velocity profiles as well as the skin friction, have been discussed. The validity of the analytical solutions has also been checked with the corresponding numerical solutions for small values of the governing parameters. and Štúdia sa zaoberá sa špeciálnym modelom nenewtonskej tekutiny, pre ktorú sa môže skutočná viskozita vyjadriť vo forme polynomickej závislosti na druhom skalárnom invariante tenzora rýchlosti deformácie. Model bol využitý na štúdium ustáleného Couetteho rovinného prúdenia nenewtonskej tekutiny v kanáli so saním cez porézne steny. Zavedenie transformácie podobnosti do lineanizovaných parciálnych diferenciálnych rovníc vedie k systému obyčajných nelineárnych diferenciálnych rovníc. Ich riešenie sme získali vo forme potenčného radu od sacieho parametra λ. Analyzovali sme vplyv rozťažnosti tekutiny a sacieho parametra na pozdĺžny a priečny rýchlostny profil, ako aj na povrchové trenie. Platnosť analytického riešenia sme porovnali s numerickým riešením pre malé hodnoty použitých parametrov.
In this study, the value of proxy data was explored for calibrating a conceptual hydrologic model for small ungauged basins, i.e. ungauged in terms of runoff. The study site was a 66 ha Austrian experimental catchment dominated by agricultural land use, the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL). The three modules of a conceptual, lumped hydrologic model (snow, soil moisture accounting and runoff generation) were calibrated step-by-step using only proxy data, and no runoff observations. Using this stepwise approach, the relative runoff volume errors in the calibration and first and second validation periods were –0.04, 0.19 and 0.17, and the monthly Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.88, 0.71 and 0.64, respectively. By using proxy data, the simulation of state variables improved compared to model calibration in one step using only runoff data. Using snow and soil moisture information for model calibration, the runoff model performance was comparable to the scenario when the model was calibrated using only runoff data. While the runoff simulation performance using only proxy data did not considerably improve compared to a scenario when the model was calibrated on runoff data, the more accurately simulated state variables imply that the process consistency improved.
Cieľ: Na základe štyroch faktorov – kompetencie a skúsenosti sestry; možnosti a kvalita vzdelávania; stav pacienta; organizačné faktory opísať skúsenosť sestier s využívaním ošetrovateľskej diagnostiky vo výučbe a praxi. Metodika: Na zber empirických údajov sme použili dotazník vlastnej konštrukcie s otvorenými otázkami, zameraný na reflexiu stimulov a bariér pri využívaní ošetrovateľských diagnóz v oblastiach vzdelávanie, klinická prax a výskum. Na spracovanie a vyhodnotenie získaných údajov sme využili kvalitatívnu analýzu dát. Do výskumného súboru boli zaradení štyria respondenti, bývalí študenti doktorandského štúdia. Výsledky: Pri identifikovaní stimulov, ako aj bariér v používaní ošetrovateľských diagnóz dominovali v našom výskume faktory z oblasti vzdelávania, kompetencií a organizácie ošetrovateľskej starostlivosti. Pri identifikácii stimulov a bariér sa respondenti zamerali skôr na technické a administratívne aspekty práce s diagnózami ako na ich praktickú utilizáciu a reálne benefity pre pacienta. Závery: Ošetrovateľské diagnózy v klinickej praxi sú vnímame predovšetkým ako problém teoretického vymedzenia a nie východiska pre intervencie, tak ako to je napríklad pri diagnostike v iných odboroch (v medicíne, psychológii a podobne). Konkrétne príklady benefitov správnej a negatívnych konzekvencií nesprávnej diagnostiky by tak mohli prispieť k efektívnejšiemu prepojeniu teórie s praxou vo vzdelávaní. Pri prekonávaní bariéry v tejto oblasti je nutné zamerať sa najprv na kultiváciu postoja sestier a praktický význam diagnostikovania., Aim: Regarding four factors - the competence and experience of nurses, opportunities and quality of education, complexity of a patient’s situation, and organizational factors - describe the experience with the use of nursing diagnosis in nursing education and practice. Methods: To collect empirical data, we used a questionnaire of our own design with open questions, focused on the reflection of incentives and barriers by using nursing diagnoses in the areas of education, clinical practice and research. For the processing and evaluation of the data, we used qualitative data analysis. Four respondents, former PhD students were included in the research file. Results: To identify incentives as well as barriers by using nursing diagnoses factors of education, competence and organization of nursing care dominated in our study. When identifying the incentives and barriers to the use of nursing diagnoses in our study were dominated by. In addition to this respondents focused more on the technical and administrative working aspects with diagnoses as to their practical utilization and real benefits to the patient. Conclusion: Nursing diagnosis in clinical practice are perceived primarily as a theoretical definition of the problem and not as the basis for intervention, as it is in the case of the diagnosis in other fields (in medicine, psychology, etc.). Specific examples of benefits of good and negative consequences of the incorrect diagnosis could contribute to more effective interconnection of the theory and practice in education., Katarína Žiaková, Elena Gurková, Radka Šerfelová, Juraj Čáp, and Literatura
Water resource has become a guarantee for sustainable development on both local and global scales. Exploiting water resources involves development of hydrological models for water management planning. In this paper we present a new stochastic model for generation of mean annul flows. The model is based on historical characteristics of time series of annual flows and consists of the trend component, long-term periodic component and stochastic component. The rest of specified components are model errors which are represented as a random time series. The random time series is generated by the single bootstrap model (SBM). Stochastic ensemble of error terms at the single hydrological station is formed using the SBM method. The ultimate stochastic model gives solutions of annual flows and presents a useful tool for integrated river basin planning and water management studies. The model is applied for ten large European rivers with long observed period. Validation of model results suggests that the stochastic flows simulated by the model can be used for hydrological simulations in river basins.
Stopy ľudského ohryzu sú v archeologickom a antropologickom kontexte zdrojom informácií o socio-kultúrnom pozadí skúmanej súčasnej i minulej spoločnosti, ich stravovacej kultúre a návykoch. Tento článok prezentuje výber z už publikovaných metodík používaných pri štúdiu tejto témy a testuje stopy ľudského ohryzu na experimentálnej vzorke zo Slovenskej republiky. Vzorka so 40 dobrovoľníkmi bola rozdelená do dvoch skupín– jedna skupina bola informovaná o cieľoch experimentálneho projektu a druhá skupina ostala neinformovaná. Prevažne boli zaznamenané jamky a škrabance spôsobené rezákmi, nasledovali škrabance ako pozostatky sekundárneho spracovania (pozorované v oboch súboroch) a zárezy po príborovom noži (pozorované len v jednom súbore). Podľa analýzy vzoriek navzájom pripúšťame možnosť, že štýl stravovania a stravovacích návykov ovplyvňuje výskyt a rozsah poškodení spôsobených ľudskými zubami., In anthropological and archeological context the human gnaw marks produce information about the socio-cultural background of studied recent and ancient communities, especially in their dining attitudes and habits. Our paper presents a selected published methodologies used to study this topic and tests the human gnaw marks on experimental sample from Slovak Republic. This sample with 40 volunteers was divided into two groups – one was informed about the aim of the experimental project and the other remained uninformed. The prevalence of pits and scores caused by human incisors was recorded, followed by notches after secondary butchering processes (observed in both samples) and cut marks after table-knives (observed only in one sample). Finally, we have to admit, that according to the inter-sample analysis the style of dining and eating habits perhaps affects the appearance and stage of damages caused by human teeth., and Michaela Stančíková, Sandra Sázelová
In the context of discussed global climate change the emphasis is placed mainly on the adaptability of the water management methodology at present time. Therefore a questionnaire inquiry oriented to the perception of the climate change impact and current state of adaptation strategies implementation was carried out and evaluated. The research was realised among the water management experts in six large transboundary basins: Elbe, Rhine, Guadiana, Amudaria, Orange and Nile. The questionnaire was divided into six parts concerning for example: expected climate change impacts, adaptation measures, drivers for development of adaptation strategy, adaptation barriers etc. Responses were evaluated with rating and the dominant answers and lists of priority were established. Results were evaluated looking for overall conclusions in all or almost all regions, as well as conclusions for each region. The main benefit of the research lies in the evaluation based principally on the opinions of policy makers, stakeholders and water managers in the river basins not on the climate scenarios. The outcomes have proved understanding of the climate change impact issue over all six basins, only the approach to adaptation is partly different. The historical development of water management in the basin influences the perception as well. and V současnosti se v souvislosti s diskutovanou globální změnou klimatu stále zvyšuje důraz na požadavek adaptability metodik uplatňovaných ve vodním hospodářství. Z tohoto důvodu byl v šesti vybraných světových povodích uskutečněn a vyhodnocen dotazníkový průzkum mezi oslovenými experty se zaměřením na chápání důsledků klimatické změny a na zjištění aktuálního stavu implementace adaptačních opatření v povodí. Šlo o povodí Labe, Rýna, Guadiany, Amudarji, Orange a Nilu. Dotazník byl rozdělen do několika sekcí týkající se např. očekávaných dopadů klimatické změny, adaptačních opatření, podnětů pro návrh strategie adaptace, bariér adaptace atd. Dotazníky byly vyhodnocovány pomocí bodování a stanoveny vždy dominantní odpovědi a seznamy priorit. Výsledky byly vyhodnoceny vždy z obecného hlediska i v rámci konkrétního povodí a vzájemně porovnány. Významným přínosem bylo, že průzkum byl založen na závěrech a zkušenostech expertů, nikoli na klimatických scénářích. Ukázalo se, že ve všech povodích bylo dosaženo pochopení problému dopadu klimatické změny, jen přístup k vlastní adaptaci je částečně odlišný. Záleží rovněž na historickém vývoji vodního hospodářství v daném regionu