Claims that emotions are or can be rational, and crucially enabling of rationality, are now fairly common, also outside of philosophy, but with considerable diversity both in their assumptions about emotions and their conceptions of rationality. Three main trends are worth picking out, both in themselves and for the potential tensions between them: accounts that defend a case for the rationality of emotions A) by assimilating emotions closely to beliefs or judgements; B) in terms of the very features that traditional views of emotions as irrational/a-rational emphasized; C) by arguing that emotions exhibit a more sui generis kind of rationality, often one based on a narrative or dramaturgic ''inner logic''., Tvrdí, že emoce jsou nebo mohou být racionální a rozhodně umožňující racionalitu, jsou nyní poměrně běžné, i mimo filosofii, ale se značnou rozmanitostí jak v jejich předpokladech o emocích, tak v jejich pojmech racionality. Tři hlavní trendy stojí za to vyzvednout, a to jak v sobě, tak i pro potenciální napětí mezi nimi: účty, které obhajují případ racionality emocí A) tím, že se emoce úzce přizpůsobují vírám nebo úsudkům; B) z hlediska samotných rysů, které tradiční názory na emoce považují za iracionální / racionální; C) argumentací, že emoce vykazují více sui generis druh racionality, často založené na narativní nebo dramaturgické ,,vnitřní logice''., and Sophie Rietti
Wilfrid Sellars’ philosophical system joins issues that have often been regarded as incompatible or at least in mutual tension. Two of these are his holistic approach to language and knowledge on the one hand and his realism on the other hand. In my paper I first outline this tension and then present a number of steps, including the rejection of semantic relations, picturing and the defense of realism, which can help us to accommodate it. I highlight the payoff of these steps for the question to be solved. In the last part of the paper I detect new and more refined tensions revealed by Sellars’ solution. I identify possible dissonances between his Kantian and his naturalist treatment of causality as well as between his two ways of conceiving of language arguing that these new questions furnish a more interesting approach to our initial problem., Filozofický systém Wilfrida Sellara spojuje otázky, které jsou často považovány za neslučitelné nebo alespoň ve vzájemném napětí. Dva z nich jsou jeho holistický přístup k jazyku a znalostem na jedné straně a jeho realismus na straně druhé. Ve svém příspěvku nejprve nastiňuji toto napětí a pak představuji řadu kroků, včetně odmítnutí sémantických vztahů, zobrazování a obrany realismu, které nám mohou pomoci vstříc. Zdůrazňuji výplatu těchto kroků za otázku, která má být vyřešena. V poslední části práce zjišťuji nová a rafinovanější napětí, která odhalila Sellarsova řešení. Identifikuji možné disonance mezi jeho kantiánskou a jeho naturalistickou léčbou kauzality, stejně jako mezi jeho dvěma způsoby chápání jazyka argumentující, že tyto nové otázky poskytují zajímavější přístup k našemu počátečnímu problému., and Stefanie Dach
In September 1987 an accident occurred with a cesium chloride (CsCl) teletherapy source taken from a cancer therapy institute in Goiânia, Brazil. Misuse of the abandoned source caused widespread contamination of radioactive material (about 50 TBq of 137Cs) in the town of Goiânia. Decontamination of affected areas did lead to about 3,500 m3 of solid radioactive wastes, which were disposed in two near-surface repositories built in concrete in 1995. This paper documents a safety assessment of one of the low-level radioactive waste deposits containing 137Cs over a time period of 600 years. Using HYDRUS-1D, we first obtained estimates of water infiltrating through the soil cover on top of the repository into and through the waste and its concrete liners and the underlying vadose zone towards groundwater. Calculations accounted for local precipitation and evapotranspiration rates, including root water uptake by the grass cover, as well as for the effects of concrete degradation on the hydraulic properties of the concrete liners. We next simulated long-term water fluxes and 137Cs transport from the repository towards groundwater. Simulations accounted for the effects of 137Cs sorption and radioactive decay on radionuclide transport from the waste to groundwater, thus permitting an evaluation of potential consequences to the environment and long-term exposure to the public. Consistent with previous assessments, our calculations indicate that very little if any radioactive material will reach the water table during the lifespan of the repository, also when accounting for preferential flow through the waste.
M. Samoš, F. Kovář, M. Fedor, L. Duraj, L. Stančiaková, T. Bolek, Michal Moká, I. Škorňová, J. Fedorová, P. Galajda, J. Staško, P. Kubisz, Marián Mokáň
Wildfires naturally occur worldwide, however the potential disruption to ecosystem services from subsequent post-fire flooding and erosion often necessitates a response from land managers. The impact of high severity wildfire on infiltration and interrill erosion responses was evaluated for five years after the 2003 Hot Creek Fire in Idaho, USA. Relative infiltration from mini-disk tension infiltrometers (MDI) was compared to rainfall simulation measurements on small burned and control plots. Vegetation recovery was slow due to the severity of the fire, with median cover of 6–8% on burned sites after 5 years. Consequently, interrill sediment yields remained significantly higher on the burned sites (329–1200 g m–2) compared to the unburned sites (3–35 g m–2) in year 5. Total infiltration on the burned plots increased during the study period, yet were persistently lower compared to the control plots. Relative infiltration measurements made at the soil surface, and 1- and 3-cm depths were significantly correlated to non-steady state total infiltration values taken in the first 10 minutes of the hour-long rainfall simulations. Significant correlations were found at the 1-cm (ρ = 0.4–0.6) and 3-cm (ρ = 0.3–0.6) depths (most p-values <0.001), and somewhat weaker correlations at the soil surface (ρ = 0.2–0.4) (p-values <0.05 and up). Soil water repellency is often stronger below the soil surface after severe wildfire, and likely contributes to the reduced infiltration. These results suggest that relative infiltration measurements at shallow depths may be useful to estimate potential infiltration during a short-duration high-intensity storm and could be used as an input for post-fire erosion models.
In this paper, I try to argue that, from the methodological position of reflected equilibrium, it seems to be reasonable to build a theory of personal identity that enables a person to continue her existence after the biological death of her body. This conclusion is supported by the argument that our practice reflects that our identity-presupposing concerns reach beyond biological continuity. We have also good reasons to maintain such concerns and practices. As the best candidate to implement such concerns in a theoretical account of practical identity, I will identify the person-life view, where personal identity depends to a great extent on social conditions. I also show how this theory can implement the classical belief in the afterlife, and how it could conceptualize the difference of the afterlife from a physicalistic and a theistic point of view. and V této práci se snažím argumentovat, že z metodologické pozice odrážející rovnováhy se zdá být rozumné stavět teorii osobní identity, která umožňuje člověku pokračovat ve své existenci po biologické smrti jejího těla. Tento závěr je podpořen argumentem, že naše praxe odráží skutečnost, že naše předpoklady týkající se identity překračují rámec biologické kontinuity. Máme také dobré důvody k udržení těchto obav a postupů. Jako nejlepší kandidát na realizaci těchto zájmů v teoretickém popisu praktické identity budu identifikovat pohled člověk-život, kde osobní identita závisí do značné míry na společenských podmínkách. Ukazuji také, jak tato teorie dokáže zavést klasickou víru v posmrtný život,
There is an emerging challenge within water resources on how, and to what extent, borrowing concepts from landscape ecology might help re-define traditional concepts in hydrology in a more tangible manner.
A stepwise regression model was adopted in this study to assess whether the time of concentration of catchments could be explained by five landscape structure-representing metrics for land use/land cover, soil and geological patches, using spatial data from 39 catchments.
The models suggested that the times of concentration of the catchments could be predicted using the measures of four landscape structure-representing metrics, which include contiguity index (r2 = 0.46, p ≤0.05), fractal dimension index (r2 = 0.51, p ≤0.05), related circumscribing circle (r2 = 0.52, p ≤0.05), and shape index (r2 = 0.47, p ≤0.05).
The models indicated that the regularity or irregularity in land use/land cover patch shape played a key role in affecting catchment hydrological response. Our findings revealed that regularity and irregularity in the shape of a given patch (e.g., urban and semi-urban, rangeland and agricultural patches) can affect patch functions in retarding and/or increasing flow accumulation at the catchment scale, which can, in turn, decrease or increase the times of concentration in the catchments.