Viac ako 50 % pacientov s malignitami je diagnostikovaných vo veku nad 65 rokov. Malígne ochorenia u seniorov predstavujú často náročné medicínske a psychosociálne problémy, ktoré ovplyvňujú možnosť optimálnej liečby. Títo pacienti bývajú často nedostatočne liečení. Navyše sú veľmi často vylúčení z účasti v klinických štúdiách, čo tiež neprispieva k náležitej stratégii liečby. Pre úspešne zvládnutie týchto ochorení je bezpodmienečne nutná náležitá stratégia a taktika liečby založená na znalosti rozsahu ochorenia, fyziologických rezerv, predpokladaného života pacientov, ale tiež analýzy nákladov a prínosu liečby., More than 50 % of cases of cancer are diagnosed in patients older than age 65. Elderly patients with cancer often present with medical and physiological challenges that make the selection of their optimal treatment daunting. Unfortunately as a result, these patients are often undertreated. Elderly are often excluded from participation in clinical trials and receive untested or inadeguate treatment. Targeted therapy, characterized by a low toxicity profile, are potential treatment option for elderly patients. The key of successful management is to define appropriate goals (cure or palliation) based on the natural history and extent of disease, physiology and life expectancy of the patients, and cost benefit ratio of treatment options., Mária Wagnerová, and Lit.: 34
Klasifikácia SZO (2008) je jediná celosvetovo akceptovaná a v praxi používaná klasifikácia nádorových ochorení kostnej drene (KD), ktorá definuje aj postavenie a význam biopsie KD v diagnostickom algoritme. Myeloproliferatívne neoplázie (MPN) tvoria pestrú skupinu ochorení s variabilne dynamickým rozvojom z počiatočných štádií, cez štádiá s plno rozvinutou klinicko-laboratórnou manifestáciou až do pokročilých štádií – fibrotickej, resp. blastovej transformácie, sprevádzaných zmenami morfológie a laboratórneho obrazu. V počiatočných štádiách je určenie typu MPN len na základe klinicko-laboratórnych údajov pre podobnosť ich klinickej manifestácie nespoľahlivé. Dôkaz pre MPN typických genetických mutácií potvrdzuje klonalitu ochorenia, ale jeho typizačný význam je limitovaný. Naopak, bioptické vyšetrenie KD v kontexte dostatočných klinických informácií, výsledkov laboratórnych vyšetrení a s podporou genetických vyšetrení umožňuje okrem potvrdenia MPN aj bližšiu typizáciu, ktorá je prognosticky relevantná a ovplyvňuje aj voľbu terapie. Zároveň umožňuje odlíšenie reaktívnych zmien hemopoézy, zhodnotenie prognosticky významných morfologických znakov (stupeň myelofibrózy, množstvo blastov) a sledovanie progresie ochorenia do fibrotickej, resp. blastovej transformácie. V týchto pokročilých štádiách a po terapii nie je však typizácia MPN len na základe morfológie KD možná. Výpovedná hodnota biopsie závisí od kvality a kvantity vzorky drene, hodnotenie morfológie KD závisí aj od vedomostí a skúseností vyšetrujúceho patológa., WHO classification (2008) is the only world-wide accepted and in routine praxis used classification of bone marrow (BM) neoplasms defining also the importance of BM biopsy within the diagnostic algorithm. Myeloproliferative neoplasias (MPN) represent a heterogenous group of disorders with variable dynamic transformational potential from initial into advanced stages such as blast crisis or myelofibrotic transformation. Because of similar manifestations, the typing of MPN in their initial stages based on clinical and laboratory parameters is not optimal. The finding of MPN-typical genetic mutations proves the disease clonality, but not a diagnosis of individual MPN types. In contrast, the BM biopsy verifies both the diagnosis and MPN type. It helps also to discriminate MPN from reactive hematopoietic changes, to evaluate prognostically relevant BM features (e.g. grade of myelofibrosis, blasts number) and the follow-up to terminal stages. However, the MPN typing in terminal and posttherapeutical stages based on morphology alone is not sufficient. The diagnostic value of BM biopsy depends on specimen´s quality, the objectivity of BM morphology evaluation depends on pathologist´s training and experiences. A correct BM biopsy interpretation should be done within the context of sufficient clinical and laboratory data and with support of genetical analyses. myelofibrosis, bone marrow biopsy., Juraj Marcinek, Tatiana Burjanivová, Lukáš Plank, and Literatura 28
Cieľ: Cieľom štúdie bolo posúdiť bolesť, funkčný stav, úzkosť, depresiu, sociálne aktivity a sociálnu oporu u seniorov s reumatoidnou artritídou (RA) a ich vzájomné vzťahy, posúdiť možné rozdiely vzhľadom na pohlavie, rodinný stav, vek, trvanie ochorenia a komorbiditu. Metódy: U 60 seniorov s RA bola posudzovaná intenzita bolesti vizuálnou analógovou škálou (VAS), funkčná disabilita Stanfordským dotazníkom hodnotiacim zdravie indexom disability (HAQ-DI), úzkosť Beckovým inventárom úzkosti (BAI), depresia Zungovým sebahodnotiacim dotazníkom depresie (SDS) a sociálna interakcia škálou sociálnych aktivít (SA) a sociálnej opory (SO) nástroja Škály merania vplyvu chorôb kĺbov 2 (AIMS2). Výsledky: U seniorov s RA bolo zistené pociťovanie priemerne silnej bolesti, stredná až ťažká funkčná disabilita, prežívanie stredne silnej úzkosti a depresie, obmedzovanie v spoločenských aktivitách. Vo vnímaní sociálnej opory bolo zistené najlepšie skóre. Medzi sledovanými premennými boli Pearsonovou koreláciou zistené väčšinou signifikantné (P ≤ 0,05) kladné slabé až silné vzťahy. Medzi pohlaviami neboli zaznamenané rozdiely. Horšie skóre (P ≤ 0,05) bolo zistené v oblasti prežívania úzkosti a vo vnímanej sociálnej opore u osamelo žijúcich seniorov oproti seniorom žijúcim v manželskom zväzku. Štatisticky významný pozitívny vzťah (P ≤ 0,05) sa potvrdil medzi vekom a prežívaním úzkosti, medzi trvaním ochorenia a depresiou, medzi komorbiditou a funkčným stavom a depresiou. Záver: Ako naznačujú výsledky, prioritou v starostlivosti o túto skupinu seniorov by nemalo byť iba zmierňovanie bolesti a zlepšovanie/udržiavanie funkčných schopností, ale aj redukcia úzkosti a depresie, a to o to viac, čím sú seniori starší, čím u nich trvá ochorenie dlhšie, s komorbiditou a tiež u osamelo žijúcich., Aim: The aim of this study was to assess pain, functional status, anxiety, depression, social activity, and social support and their interactions in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to assess possible differences by gender, marital status, age, duration of disease, and co-morbidity. Methods: Pain intensity was assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), functional disability by the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire – Disability Index (HAQ-DI), anxiety by the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), depression by the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), social activity by the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2) with scale of Social Activity (SA), and social support (SO) by AIMS2 with scale Support from family and friend in 60 elderly with RA. Results: There were found average strong pain, moderate to severe functional disability, moderate anxiety and moderate-to-marked depression, and limitation in social activity in elderly with RA. The best score was found in scale of social support. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) mild to severe relations were confirmed between explored objectives by Pearson’s correlations. Between genders no significant differences were recorded. Worse score (p ≤ 0.05) was detected in anxiety and social support in elderly living alone compared to married elderly. Between age and anxiety, duration of disease and depression, co-morbidity and functional disability, and depression were confirmed significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive relationships. Conclusion: According to results, not only pain reduction and improving/maintaining of functional status is the priority of care in elderly with RA, but also reduction of anxiety and depression is important, mainly in older, with longer duration of disease, co-morbidity and also for elderly living alone., Mária Sováriová Soósová, Renáta Suchanová, Libuša Tirpáková, and Literatura
In this paper, I will discuss boulesic and deontic logic and the relationship between these branches of logic. By ‘boulesic logic,’ or ‘the logic of the will,’ I mean a new kind of logic that deals with ‘boulesic’ concepts, expressions, sentences, arguments and systems. I will concentrate on two types of boulesic expression: ‘individual x wants it to be the case that’ and ‘individual x accepts that it is the case that.’ These expressions will be symbolised by two sentential operators that take individuals and sentences as arguments and give sentences as values. Deontic logic is a relatively well-established branch of logic. It deals with normative concepts, sentences, arguments and systems. In this paper, I will show how deontic logic can be grounded in boulesic logic. I will develop a set of semantic tableau systems that include boulesic and alethic operators, possibilist quantifiers and the identity predicate; I will then show how these systems can be augmented by a set of deontic operators. I use a kind of possible world semantics to explain the intended meaning of our formal systems. Intuitively, we can think of our semantics as a description of the structure of a perfectly rational will. I mention some interesting theorems that can be proved in our systems, including some versions of the so-called hypothetical imperative. Finally, I show that all systems that are described in this paper are sound and complete with respect to their semantics.
To calculate the critical depth and the least specific energy of steady non-uniform flows in open channels, one has to solve the polynomial equations. Sometimes, the polynomial equations are too difficult to get them solved. In this study, the theory of algebraic inequality has been used to derive formulas for determining the critical depth and the least specific energy of a steady non-uniform flow in open channel. The proposed method has been assessed using examples. Results using this new method have been compared to those using other conventional methods by engineers and scientists. It is found that the proposed method based on algebraic inequality theory not only makes the calculation process to be easy, but also gives the best calculation results of the critical depth and the least specific energy of a steady nonuniform flow.