Climate change may facilitate shifts in the ranges and the spread of insect pests, but a warming climate may also affect herbivorous insects adversely if it disrupts the locally adapted synchrony between the phenology of insects and that of their host plant. The ability of a pest species to colonize new areas depends on its ability to adjust the timing of phenological events in its life cycle, particularly at high latitudes where there is marked seasonality in temperature and day length. Here we incubated eggs of three species of geometrid moth, Epirrita autumnata, Operophtera brumata and Erannis defoliaria from different geographical populations (E. autumnata and O. brumata from Northern Finland, E. autumnata and E. defoliaria from Southern Finland and all three species from Germany) in a climate chamber at a constant temperature to determine the relative importance of geographic origin in the timing of egg hatch measured in terms of cumulative temperature sums (degree days above 5°C, DD5); i.e. the relative importance of local adaptation versus phenotypic plasticity in the timing of egg hatch. In all three species, eggs from northern populations required a significantly lower temperature sum for hatching than eggs from southern populations, but the differences between them in temperature sum requirements varied considerably among species, with the differences being largest for the earliest hatching and northernmost species, E. autumnata, and smallest for the southern, late-hatching E. defoliaria. In addition, the difference in hatch timing between the E. autumnata eggs from Southern Finland and Germany was many times greater than the difference between the two Finnish populations of E. autumnata, despite the fact that the geographical distances between these populations is similar. We discuss how these differences in hatching time may be explained by the differences in hatch-budburst synchrony and its importance for different moth species and populations. We also briefly reflect on the significance of photoperiod, which is not affected by climate change. It is a controller that works parallel or in addition to temperature sum both for egg hatch in moths and bud burst of their host plants., Julia Fält-Nardmann, Tero Klemola, Mechthild Roth, Kai Ruohomäki, Kari Saikkonen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Insects produce pigment and structural colours mainly for camouflage, signaling, physical protection or temperature regulation, and colour patterns can provide information about individual quality. Although the evolutionary function and nature of the variability in colouration are well known for many invertebrate taxa, there is little information on this topic for ants. We studied individual variation in the melanin-based colour traits of workers of the red wood ant, Formica rufa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from 20 colonies in Southern Finland and revealed the type of colouration in this species. First, using the threshold approach we distinguished between continuous and discrete variations. Furthermore, the analyses affirmed nine discrete morphs in terms of the colouration on the head and eight on the pronotum, while only continuous variation were found on the other body parts. Measuring the size of a particular colour pattern, the intensity of colour expression (degree of melanization) and statistical analyses allowed an assessment of the intra-individual variation in both discrete and continuous patterns. The results revealed substantial modularity in the above mentioned colouration traits. In workers of F. rufa there were individuals with a dark head and light coloured thorax and vice a versa. Size of the dark pigment colour patterns exhibited less modularity than the degree of melanization. Finally, the interrelation between colouration traits and individual body size revealed their size-dependent origin. Small individuals had relatively larger areas of colour on the head and thorax than big individuals. These results are likely to facilitate further taxonomical and ecological studies on red wood ants, as they show it is possible to assess colouration traits in ants. However, more studies are needed on the function of polymorphism and modular colouration in this group of ants., Oksana Skaldina, Jouni Sorvari., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Nález kolonie mravence lužního na dubu na hrázi rybníka Vrkoč posouvá hranici recentního výskytu tohoto druhu o 15 km severozápadním směrem. Podle dosavadních terénních šetření jde o izolovanou kolonii, jejíž původ je nejasný. Obývaná lokalita se přitom velmi liší od preferovaného biotopu v podobě lesních porostů, protože jde o solitérní strom. Solitérní stromy či aleje přitom podle starších výzkumů využívá pouze 7 % kolonií tohoto druhu., A new colony of the ant species Liometopum microcephalum was found on the solitary oak tree growing on the dam of the pond Vrkoč near Pohořelice (southern Moravia). This discovery extends its recent distribution in the Czech Republic about 15 km to the north-west. The new colony is isolated and unusual in respect that only 7 % of south Moravian colonies are living on solitary trees or on trees in alleys., Antonín Krása., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The tiny land snail V. geyeri is a highly endangered species, exclusively inhabiting alkaline tree-less spring fens. After two unexpected findings in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, we explored this region more properly and found another 18 sites, including Nature Reserve Řeka with the richest known European population. V. geyeri is threatened mainly by hydrological changes, eutrophication and cessation of traditional management practices. and Veronika Schenková, Michal Horsák.
The Alcathoe bat, Myotis alcathoe von Helversen et Heller, 2001, has so far been re - corded in 16 European countries, including the Czech Republic. Our consultation with a linguist resulted in the change of the bat’s Czech name to netopýr alkathoe. and Jiří Gaisler, Vladimír Hanák.
Článek se věnuje nově popsanému rodu Oreojuncus Záveská Drábková et Kirschner, který zahrnuje dva druhy - Oreojuncus trifidus a Oreojuncus monanthos. V České republice se vyskytuje pouze O. trifidus, sítina horská trojklanná, které je věnována větší pozornost. Rod Oreojuncus byl tradičně zařazován mezi sítiny (Juncus) sekce Steirochloa, avšak na základě komplexního výzkumu zahrnujícího fylogenetickou analýzu molekulárních dat a revizi morfologie byl vyčleněn jako samostatný, osmý rod čeledi sítinovitých (Juncaceae)., The new genus Oreojuncus Záveská Drábková et Kirschner has been described, with two species - O. trifidus and O. monanthos. Attention is given to the first species, which occurs in the Czech Republic. The genus Oreojuncus has been traditionally included in the Juncus sect. Steirochloa; however, complex research based on phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data and morphological revision revealed the necessity to establish this eighth genus in the Juncaceae family., and Lenka Záveská Drábková.
Ovsenka skalní (Chondrina avenacea) je plicnatý plž, který žije celoročně na holých vápencových skalách, kde dochází k drastickým denním i sezonním změnám ozáření, teploty, vlhkosti a také dostupnosti potravy. V článku popisujeme fyziologické a biochemické adaptivní mechanismy, které umožňují ovsenkám přežít na jejich extrémním stanovišti., Chondrina avenacea is a pulmonate snail dwelling on exposed rock walls where it experiences drastic daily and seasonal fluctuations of abiotic conditions and food availability. In this paper, we describe the physiological and biochemical adaptive mechanisms that allow the snails to survive in their extreme microhabitat., Vladimír Košťál, Jan Rozsypal, Pavel Pech., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Slunéčka (Coccinellidae) se brání jedovatými alkaloidy v hemolymfě. Zároveň inzerují svoji jedovatost rozmanitým výstražným zbarvením. V laboratorním pokusu se sýkorou koňadrou (Parus major) jsme ukázali, že odmítání slunéček hmyzožravými ptáky je alespoň zčásti naučené. Důležité je červené zbarvení, méně tečkovaný vzor., Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) possess poisonous defensive alkaloids in their haemolymph. They also employ variable warning colouration. In a laboratory experiment with an avian predator – the Great Tit (Parus major) – we have shown that avoidance of ladybirds was at least partly learned. The red colour itself is most important, the spotted pattern less important for the decision., and Oldřich Nedvěd, Petr Veselý.
Microscope images of scales from the wings of the male butterfly Apatura ilia of two forms (ilia and clytie) show parallel fibres with tiny transverse grooves. These can cause (due to the light interference) violet or blue iridescence on the wings, which normally have brown pigmentation. We examined the dependence of the sudden color changes on variable illumination and observation angles. and George O. Krizek a kol.