The objective of this study was to determine if primers, probes, and pHCl, a plasmid containing a 2.3 kilobasc insert of genomic DNA from Cryptosporidium parvum, would be useful for the detection of Cryptosporidium wrairi DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. C. wrairi DNA was prepared from oocysts recovered from guinea pigs and C. parvum DNA was prepared from the Iowa strain of C. parvum. Two 26-(bp) primers were used to amplify a 452-base pair bp target sequence within the cloned DNA. Similarly-sized PCR products were obtained with the pHCl plasmid DNA, C. parvum DNA, and C. wrairi DNA. However, a 20-base pair probe did not detect C. wrairi DNA. Sequencing of C. wrairi DNA homologous with the 452-bp segment of C. parvum DNA showed 18 bp changes including bp changes in the segment homologous with the probe. A new probe based on homologous sequences was useful for detection of both species of Cryptosporidia. The sequences of the homologous 452-bp segment from the Iowa strain of C. parvum and that segment of C. parvum DNA from the pHC I plasmid were very similar. Nine base pairs identical in the homologous bp segment of the Iowa strain of C. parvum, C. wrairi and the pHCl plasmid differed from those previously reported. Previously reported primers and a newly designed probe proved to be useful for detecting C. wrairi DNA.
The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the currently used allometric models for Vitis vinifera L., as well as to develop a simple and accurate model using linear measurements [leaf length (L.) and leaf width (W)] for estimating the individual leaf area (LA) of nine grapevine genotypes. For model construction, a total of 1,630 leaves coming from eight genotypes in 2010 was sampled during different leaf developmental stages and encompassed the full spectrum of leaf sizes. The model with single measurement of L could be considered an interesting option because it requires measurement of only one variable, but at the expense of accuracy. To find a model to estimate individual LA accurately for grapevine plants of all genotypes, both measurements of L and W should be involved. The proposed linear model [LA = 0,465 + 0,914 (L x W)] was adopted for its accuracy: the highest coefficient of determination (>0,98), the smallest mean square error, the smallest prediction sum of squares, and the reasonable close prediction sum of squares value to error sum of squares. To validate the LW model, an independent data set of 200 leaves coming from another genotype in 2011 was used. Correlation coefficients showed that there was a highly reliable relationships between predicted leaf area and the observed leaf area, giving an overestimation of 0.8% in the prediction. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In lasermike (laser measuring scanner) the measurement information is converted to become time-dependent by scanning. An object to be measured is scanned transversely by a laser beam waist. An angular scanning is transformed into linear by scan lens and the detector output signal is of the form of shadow of an object. Assuming constant scan velocity, the shadow time is the measure of the size of an objedt. A quick scanning of a beam makes lasermikes indispensable in all kinds of dynamic operations. There are four main areas of application: read/write/ display, technology, medicine nad measurement.
In the presented paper the scanned laser beam is split into two mutually orthogonal beams giving information not only about the dimension, but also about the position and the form of an object. The reference standard introduces within the measuring area enables the simultaneous calibration of the system. We used the simple polygon-mirror-based scanner driven by synchronous motor. The system operates in the 10x10 mm range with resolution 0.1 μm. and Obsahuje seznam literatury