The lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks,l, is the soil property that mostly governs subsurface flow in
hillslopes. Determinations of Ks,l at the hillslope scale are expected to yield valuable information for interpreting and
modeling hydrological processes since soil heterogeneities are functionally averaged in this case. However, these data
are rare since the experiments are quite difficult and costly. In this investigation, that was carried out in Sardinia (Italy),
large-scale determinations of Ks,l were done in two adjacent hillslopes covered by a Mediterranean maquis and grass, respectively,
with the following objectives: i) to evaluate the effect of land use change on Ks,l, and ii) to compare estimates
of Ks,l obtained under natural and artificial rainfall conditions. Higher Ks,l values were obtained under the maquis than in
the grassed soil since the soil macropore network was better connected in the maquis soil. The lateral conductivity increased
sharply close to the soil surface. The sharp increase of Ks,l started at a larger depth for the maquis soil than the
grassed one. The Ks,l values estimated during artificial rainfall experiments agreed with those obtained during the natural
rainfall periods. For the grassed site, it was possible to detect a stabilization of Ks,l in the upper soil layer, suggesting that
flow transport capacity of the soil pore system did not increase indefinitely. This study highlighted the importance of the
experimental determination of Ks,l at the hillslope scale for subsurface modeling, and also as a benchmark for developing
appropriate sampling methodologies based on near-point estimation of Ks,l.
Subulurid nematodes identified as Subulura halli Barreto, 1918 were collected from the endangered bird Otis tarda Linnaeus (Gruiformes: Otididae) in China. A detailed redescription of the hitherto poorly known species is presented using both light and, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy. Previously unreported and erroneous morphological features of taxonomic significance are revealed. This species can be readily distinguished from its congeners by the relatively long oesophagus (1.47-1.92 mm long, representing 10.6-16.9% of body length), the number and arrangement of male caudal papillae (11 pairs in total, arranged as five pairs of precloacal and six pairs of postcloacal papillae), the equal length of spicules (1.35-1.52 mm long, representing 10.7-13.7% of body length) and the presence of a small medioventral, precloacal papilla in the male.
Suburbanization - threat or solution. Suburbanization, which is the dominant form of metropolitan growth in postsocialist cities, offers wider variety of housing options, yet at the same time it is a major threat to sustainable developments. The spatially scattered and fragmented pattern of development calls for the implementation of urban growth management policies and instruments.
One of the main ideas of the education reform in the Slovak Republic, which started in 2008, was transition from memorizing to active and creative studying. This transformation has begun also in physics education. Now we are more than four years after the reform and we can analyse what has been done in active access in physics education. This article presents the consequences of the reform on physics education with focus zhe one experimental methods of the objects and subjects of the education process. The actual data was taken from the electronic questionnaire focusing on the current situation in this area which was given physics teachers., Prechod od memorovania k aktívnemu a tvorivému získavaniu fyzikálnych poznatkov, vlastností a súvislostí bol jednou z hlavných myšlienok transformácie fyzikálneho vzdelávania na našich školách, ktorú spustila školská reforma v roku 2008. Po takmer štvorročnom období možno pristúpiť k sledovaniu a hodnoteniu vzniknutého stavu. Článok pojednáva o dôsledkoch reformy na podmienky fyzikálneho vzdelávania so zameraním na experimentálnu činnosť účastnikov edukačneho procesu. Analyzuje súčasný stav experimentovania na školách zameraných na experimentálnu činnosť učitel'ov a ich študentov. Údaje o aktuálnej situácii v tejto oblasti boli Í zisťované prieskumom prostredníctvom elektronického dotazníka medzi učiteľmi fyziky., Marek Balážovič., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Cardiovascular (CV) mortality was reduced more than 50 % in the Czech population at the turn of the century, due to an improvement of major CV risk factors in the general population, interventional procedures implemented into the treatment of acute coronar y events, and new drugs (ACE inhibitors, statins etc.) for CV prevention (Czech MONICA and post-MONICA studies, 1985-2008). An insufficient level of preventive efforts is described in the Czech patients after acute coronary syndrome (Czech part of the EURO ASPIRE studies, 1995-2013). Drug underdosing and wrong patients’ compliance to life style and drug therapy recommendations represent two main reasons of this unsatisfactory situation. The residual vascular risk of patients with stable coronary heart diseas e (CHD) is still high due to a poor control of conventional risk factors on the one hand, and due to increasing weight and glucose metabolism abnormalities on the other hand. Patients with insulin resistance and glucose dis orders have more frequently non-LDL-C dyslipidemia (atherogenic dyslipidemia), hypertriglyceridemic waist and high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP>0.24), i.e. markers of residual CV risk. Among others increased dose of statins and combined lipid modifying therapy should be implemented in patients with CHD, diabetes or metabolic syndrome., H. Rosolová, B. Nussbaumerová, O. Mayer Jr., R. Cífková, J. Bruthans., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Clear-cutting, the main method of harvesting in many forests in the world, causes a series of dramatic environmental changes to the forest habitat and removes habitat resources for arboreal and epigeal species. It results in considerable changes in the composition of both plant and animal communities. Ants have many critical roles in the maintenance and functioning of forest ecosystems. Therefore, the response of ants to clear-cutting and the time it takes for an ant community to recover after clear-cutting are important indicators of the effect of this harvesting technique on the forest ecosystem. We investigated ground-dwelling ant communities during secondary succession of deciduous forests in Transylvania, Romania. Using space-for-time substitution, we explored a chronosequence from clear-cuts to mature forests (> 120 years). The object was to determine if cutting has measurable effects on ant community structure, and if ant species richness differs between successional stages. We recorded a total of 24 species of ants, 11 characteristic of forests and seven of open landscape. Ant species richness was higher in clear-cuts compared to closed-canopy and old stands. Number of ant individuals was highest in young age classes and lowest in closed-canopy age classes. There was no drastic change in species richness during the succession, however differences in community composition at different stages were recorded. Open landscape species are able to rapidly colonize following disturbance but disappear when the forest sites mature and many forest ant species are capable of surviving clear cutting., Ioan Tăuşan, Jens Dauber, Maria R. Trică, Bálint Markó., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Průběh počasí a v dlouhodobém pohledu podnebí patří k limitujícím podmínkám pro výskyt organismů, dokladem je výskyt teplomilných a naopak i chladnomilných nebo suchomilných a mokřadních druhů na našem území. A nejde pouze o přirozená společenstva, rozdíly nacházíme i ve skladbě pěstovaných plodin. Plošnou proměnlivost ovlivňují rozdílné klimatické podmínky - kromě podnebí hrají roli také půdní vlastnosti, které i díky odlišným geologickým podmínkám jsou velmi různorodé. Podnebí je však nejdynamičtější složkou přírodního prostředí. A právě pro území České republiky je typická vysoká proměnlivost podnebí i počasí v čase. Sucho se v posledních letech vyskytuje stále častěji, což však není dáno pouze nedostatkem srážek, ale také schopností krajiny zadržet vodu. Označení „sucho“ je výraz v obecném pojetí dosti neurčitý a v různých vědních i hospodářských oborech odlišně definovaný. Sucho meteorologické je nejčastěji vyjádřené časovými a prostorovými deficity srážek, které představují prvotní příčiny výskytu tohoto jevu. Kromě množství a intenzity spadlých srážek vztažených k dlouhodobým srážkovým úhrnům pro dané místo a roční dobu stanovili mnozí autoři různé definice sucha, a to v závislosti i na dalších klimatologických prvcích (teplota vzduchu, výpar, rychlost větru, vlhkost vzduchu aj.). Sucho zemědělské (agronomické) je vyjádřeno nedostatkem vody v půdě pro zemědělské plodiny ovlivněným předchozím nebo stále trvajícím výskytem meteorologického sucha. Z hlediska vodních poměrů v krajině je pak důležité sucho hydrologické. Člověk svou činností ovlivňuje krajinu, což platí i pro území ČR, kde může časem nastat nedostatek vody, a proto bychom se při hospodaření v krajině měli zaměřit, Climate has a substantial influence on the occurrence of organisms and thanks to its high variability various communities are to be found on our territory. The last years have seen increasingly frequent extreme climatic events, including the occurrence of serious drought. To assess the occurrence of drought the moisture balance method (difference between total precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) is the most frequently used. The extent and intensity of drought also depend on water retention capacity of the landscape. In view of possible climate change (particularly increase in air temperature), more pronounced drought periods may occcur in the near future., and Jaroslav Rožnovský.