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Start Over Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Date Unknown

31792. Tree cavities used as diurnal roosts by Neotropical bats

Creator:
Breviglieri, Crasso P.B. and Uieda, Wilson
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Molossops temminckii, Molossus rufus, Sturnira lilium, Artibeus planirostris, roosting ecology, and Southeastern Brazil
Language:
English
Description:
Bats occupy a variety of natural and artificial diurnal roosts. These environments offer several advantages for bats, among which we highlight the relative climatic stability, darkness, and protection from predators. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the use of tree hollows as natural diurnal roosts by Molossops temminckii, Molossus rufus, Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira lilium in southeastern Brazil. In the first one, we sought to describe the physical characteristics of shelters. In the second objective, we determined the number of individuals in the colonies and, we described and classified the posture adopted by bats within cavities. In the third objective, we seek to relate the physical characteristics of refuges with the foraging behavior and diet of bat species. Moreover, we also discussed the advantages and disadvantages that tree cavities may confer for bats, in the context of approximation of opportunistic predators. We found four colonies, one of each species, which roosted within tree trunk cavities. In general, the colonies were small, with less than 10 individuals of both sexes. Usually the molossids left the roost at dusk, while phyllostomids left later, around three hours after dusk. Individuals of the first three species were recaptured while foraging near the roosts. We believe (through observations) that the location in the landscape and the physical characteristics (dimensions of access to the cavities and height from the ground) of shelters used by bats, depend exclusively on the morphology, foraging behaviour and diet of each species of bat. Furthermore, this study contributes to an increase of knowledge about the natural history of Neotropical bats, which can provide relevant information for conservation.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31793. Trend analyses of percolation in the State of Brandenburg and possible impacts of climate change

Creator:
Lahmer, W.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
distributed hydrological modelling, water balance components, trend analyses of percolation, climate change impacts, state of brandenburg, distribuované hydrologické modelovanie, zložky hydrologickej bilancie, trendová analýza perkolácie, dopady zmeny klímy, and Brandenbursko
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Climate change impacts on the regional water cycle represent a long-term ''system disturbance'' and belong to the most urgent issues of today’s hydrological research. Stronger research efforts are needed especially at the regional and local scale, where political and technical adaptation measures can be taken to avoid critical developments for the environment and society. Studies in the past indicate considerable regional vul-nerabilities against changes of both temperature and precipitation patterns. The present study describes a methodology, which allows to assess the influences of climate changes in a meso-scale region. Results of a high temporal and spatial resolution mod-elling approach are presented for the State of Brandenburg in Eastern Germany, which suffers from water deficit similar to many Mediterranean regions. The study indicates strong impacts on various water balance components under changed climatic condi-tions in the period 1996-2050 and possible water availability problems in the future. Basis for the impact study are trend analyses in Brandenburg, which indicate a signifi-cant decrease of percolation already in the observation period 1961-1998, especially for areas with a shallow groundwater table. and Dopady zmeny klímy na hydrologický cyklus v regionálnej mierke predstavujú dlhodobé ''narušenia systému'' a patria k najnaliehavejším otázkam súčasného hydrologického výskumu. Výraznejšiu pozornosť výskumu si vyžadujú najmä problémy v regionálnej a lokálnej mierke, kde môžu byť prijaté opatrenia, ktoré umožnia vyhnúť sa krízovému vývoju v životnom prostredí a spoločnosti. Minulé štúdie poukázali na veľkú regionálnu zraniteľnosť voči zmenám teploty a atmosférických zrážok. Tento príspevok opisuje metodológiu odhadu vplyvov zmeny klímy v regióne veľkosti mezomierky. Sú v ňom prezentované výsledky modelovania s vysokým časovým a priestorovým rozlíšením v krajine Brandenbursko vo východnej časti Nemecka. Štúdia poukazuje na významné dopady zmenených klimatických podmienok pre obdobie 1996-2050 na rôzne prvky hydrologickej bilancie a možné problémy so zdrojmi vody v budúcnosti. Základom impaktovej štúdie je trendová analýza, ktorá poukazuje na významný pokles perkolácie už v pozorovanom období 1961-1998, najmä v oblastiach s plytkou hladinou podzemnej vody.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31794. Trend analysis of rainfall-runoff regimes in selected headwater areas of the Czech Republic

Creator:
Kliment, Zdeněk, Matoušková, Milada, Ledvinka, Ondřej, and Královec, Václav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
statistics, trends, rainfall-runoff regime, air temperature, snow parameters, headwaters areas, Czech Republic, statistika, trendy, srážko-odtokový režim, teplota vzduchu, sněhové charakteristiky, pramenné oblasti, and Česká republika
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The main aim of this work is to evaluate the development of rainfall-runoff regime in selected river basins of the Šumava Mountains (Bohemian Forest), the Jeseníky Mountains and the Krušné Mountains (Ore Mountains) in the last 50 years. Besides the identification of inhomogeneity in time series of mean discharges, rainfall amounts, temperature and snow cover data, the work deals with an analysis of trends using annual and monthly data. Different methodological tools for identification of changes and trends in hydro-climatic time series have been introduced in this study, especially different methods of statistic testing and an application of Mann-Kendall seasonal test. The results have been compared not only from the point of view of the methods applied here, but as well from the viewpoint of geographical difference of the mentioned areas. and Hlavním cílem předložené studie je zhodnotit vývoj srážko-odtokového režimu ve vybraných povodích v oblasti Šumavy, Jeseníků a Krušných hor za posledních 50 let. Vedle zjišťování nehomogenit v časových řadách průměrných průtokových, srážkových, ale i teplotních a sněhových dat se práce zabývá analýzou trendů na úrovni ročních hodnot a jednotlivých měsíců. V práci jsou představeny různé metodické nástroje ke sledování změn a trendů v hydroklimatologických řadách, zejména různé metody statistického testování a aplikace Mann-Kendallova sezónního testu. Výsledky jsou porovnány nejen z hlediska použitých metod, ale i geografické rozdílnosti sledovaných území.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31796. Trendy mimomanželské plodnosti v České republice po roce 1989

Creator:
Kuprová, Barbora
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Sociologie, od 1989, výzkum veřejného mínění, public opinion polls, Česko, Czechia, mimomanželská plodnost, nonmarital fertility, age of mother at birth of child,, distribution of birth order, 18, and 316
Language:
Czech
Description:
Od počátku 90. let 20. století dochází k poměrně velkým změnám v reprodukčním chování obyvatel České republiky, mimo jiné výrazně narůstá podíl dětí narozených mimo manželství. Článek podrobně popisuje vývoj intenzity plodnosti nevdaných žen ve srovnání s ženami vdanými v letech 1989-2014 na základě dat běžné evidence. Pozornost je věnována třem hlavním vlivům působícím na podíl dětí narozených mimo manželství, nejvíce pochopitelně intenzitě mimomanželské a manželské plodnosti (podle věku a pořadí narozených dětí). Analýza ukazuje, že přestože dochází od počátku 21. století ke sbližování intenzity plodnosti vdaných a nevdaných žen, prokreační chování těchto žen se stále výrazně odlišuje (průměrný věk matky při narození (prvního) dítěte, struktura narozených dětí podle pořadí narození)., Since the beginning of the 1990´s there have been relatively large changes in the reproductive behaviour of the population of the Czech Republic, including a significant increase in the proportion of children born out of wedlock. The paper describes the development of fertility rates among unmarried and married women in the years 1989-2014 in detail. Attention is paid to three main influences which are responsible for the proportion of children born out of wedlock, and obviously above all to the rates of nonmarital and marital fertility (by age and by birth order). The analysis shows that although there has been a convergence of the rates of fertility of married and unmarried women since the beginning of the 21st century, the reproductive behaviour of these women is still significantly different (average age of mother at birth of (first) child, distribution of birth order)., Barbora Kuprová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31798. Trendy v porodech mimo partnerství

Creator:
Martina Štípková
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Sociologie, výzkum veřejného mínění, vzdělávání, nemanželské děti, public opinion polls, education, illegitimate children, svobodné matky, non-marital childbearing, single mothers, 18, and 316
Language:
Czech
Description:
Cílem tohoto textu je zjistit, jestli se v čase mění podíl matek, které rodí děti mimo partnerský vztah, a jestli se mění také asociace tohoto rodinného uspořádání se sociodemografickými charakteristikami matek. Rodinná uspořádání, do kterých se rodí děti, se v posledních více než dvou dekádách značně proměnila, a proto lze očekávat, že se změnil i podíl a/ nebo charakteristiky žen, které své děti rodí mimo partnerství. Jedním z důvodů, proč toho o porodech mimo partnerství víme tak málo, jsou omezené datové zdroje, ze kterých můžeme informace čerpat. Proto je cílem tohoto textu také zmapovat možnosti měření rodinného uspořádání rodiček a porovnat výsledky, která nám k tématu poskytují., Single motherhood is known to have negative consequences on the wellbeing and life chances of mothers and their children. It appears as a consequence of parental dissolution or birth to an unpartnered woman. There are studies of divorce and union separation in the Czech Republic but less is known about women who bear their children outside unions. The goal of the paper is to determine if the proportion of mothers who bear children without having a partner changes in time and if there is a change in the socio-demographic characteristics of mothers. As the data on unpartnered childbearing are limited, the paper also aims to map the available data sources and their possibilities and limitations. Two data sources are used to measure births to unpartnered mothers, the birth register (BR) and the Labour Force Survey (LFS). BR data include mothers of liveborn infants in 2007-2014 (n is 886,467) but do not contain a direct measure of family arrangement. Single mothers are defined as those who did not provide information about newborn´s father. The LFS data set is limited to households with a member under one year of age interviewed in 1993-2010 (n is 8,172). Single motherhood is defined as an absence of mother´s partner in the household. Results about single motherhood are reported for all house holds and for those headed by one of the infant´s parents. The main independent variable is time period. Three maternal characteristics are controlled for, namely education, age, and parity. The proportion of children with unidentified fathers declined slightly from about 10% in 2007 to 8% in 2014. Both measures of unpartnered childbearing based on household composition suggest a growing trend in the 1993-2007 period and then stabilisation. The proportion of mothers without partners among all households with an infant rose from 7% (1993-1995) to 12-13% (2005-2010). As for households headed by child’s single parent, the number of single mothers is underestimated because a substantial proportion of tem live in households headed by other persons. There is a growing trend from 3% to 8%. These figures also indicate that the proportion of single mothers who live in their own households increased from 37% (1993-1995) to 60% (2008-2010). Logistic regression was used to test if the trends apply to mothers in all socio-demographic groups. The results suggest that each of the measures of unpartnered motherhood is strongly associated with low (i.e. primary) education, first parity, and low or high age of mothers (up to 25 or above 35 y.o.). Interaction between time period and maternal characteristics shows that the decline in the non-identification of fathers occured in all groups of mothers except those with low (i.e. primary or vocational) education and those of third or higher parity. These groups show a growing tendency not to acknowledge fathers. The absence of fathers in households with infants exhibited a similar trend in all groups of mothers. In sum, different definitions result in different estimates of unpartnered motherhood. Depending on the measure, the ratio of births outside unions was estimated between 8% and 12% at the end of the 2000s (i.e. the time period of 2008-2010 when all of the time series overlap). Measurement based on the absence of father in any type of household provides the highest estimate of the proportion of unpartnered childbearing, while the other two measures lead to lower estimates. The results regarding temporal trends in unpartnered childbearing also depend on measurement. This suggests that the absence of coresident partner and denial of information about child´s father are different events and they are likely to further differentiate in the future., Martina Štípková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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