An article presents technology of grinding and polishing of small glass areas down to 1 mm2 with optical quality. This technology problem relates to grant project solution ''Metastable water and water vapor'' GAČR No. 101/05/2214, where the surface tension of supercooled water has to be measured. We present experimental results of three possible technology approach of capillary tip finishing of final dimension 0.98/0.32 mm. Special focus is attended to capillary mounting appropriate for both machining and later experimental application too. and Příspěvek je zaměřen na technologii broušení a leštění malých skleněných ploch cca do 1mm2 s optickou kvalitou. Zvládnutí této problematiky úzce souvisí s měřením povrchového napětí přechlazené vody v rámci spoluúčasti autorů na řešení grantu ''Metastabilní voda a vodní pára'' GAČR č. 101/05/2214. Jsou uvedeny postupně tři možnosti opracování čela kapiláry s konečným rozměrem 0,98/0,32 mm včetně konkrétních výsledků. Pozornost je věnována i způsobu uchycení kapiláry, vhodným pro její montáž v experimentálním zařízení. To umožňuje sledovat změny tvaru mensiku kapaliny uvnitř kapiláry.
This article deals with modification and renovation of the ellipsometer Gaertner L119 and its using for thin-film structures study. The measurement process is fully automatized. The device works at constant wavelength in PCSA null regime and the data are obtained for various angles of incidence. The system was tested on a set of SiO2 thin-films prepared on Si single crystal wafers by thermal oxidation at 1200°C. The thicknesses obtained from experiment were compared with the results obtained by using of Yamaguchi type spectral ellipsometric system as well as with the data determined from white-light interferometry and spectral reflectometry. and Předložená práce se zabývá popisem úprav a modernizace elipsometru Gaertner L119 a jeho využitím pro studium tenkých vrstev s automatizovaným režimem měřicího procesu. Zařízení se využívá jako nulovací elipsometr v konfiguraci PCSA pro měření na jedné vlnové délce při různých úhlech dopadu. K testování přístroje byla provedena měření tloušťky vrstev SiO2 připravených termickou oxidací na monokrystalických křemíkových deskách při teplotě 1200 °C. Naměřené tloušťky byly porovnány jednak s výsledky měření na spektrálním elipsometru systému Yamaguchi a také s interferometrickými a reflektometrickými měřeními v bílém světle.
Genes encoding enzymes involved in fatty acids (FA) and glucose oxidation are transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Under conditions associated with O 2 deficiency, PPAR-α modulates substrate switch (between FA and glucose) aimed at the adequate energy production to maintain basic cardiac function. Both, positive and negative effects of PPAR-α activation on myoc ardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have been reported. Moreover, the role of PPAR-mediated metabolic shifts in cardioprotective mechanisms of preconditioning (PC) is relatively less investigated. We explored the effects of PPAR-α upregulation mimicking a delayed “second window” of PC on I/R injury in the rat heart and potential downstream mechanisms involved. Pretreatment of rats with PPAR-α agonist WY-14643 (WY, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h prior to I/R reduced post-ischemic stunning, arrhythmias and the extent of lethal injury (infarct size) and ap optosis (caspase-3 expression) in isolated hearts exposed to 30-min global ischemia and 2-h reperfusion. Protection was associated with remarkably increased expression of PPAR- α target genes promoting FA utilization (medium-chain acyl-CoA de hydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I) and reduced expression of glucose transporter GLUT-4 responsible for glucose transport and metabolism. In addition, enhanced Akt phosphorylation and protein levels of eNOS, in conjunction with blunting of cardioprotection by NOS inhibitor L-NAME, were observed in the WY-treated hearts. Conclusions: upregulation of PPAR-α target metabolic genes involved in FA oxidation may underlie a delayed phase PC-like protection in the rat heart. Potential non-genomic effects of PPAR-α-mediated cardioprotection may involve activation of prosurvival PI3K/Akt pathway and its downstream targets such as eNOS and subsequently reduced apoptosis., T. Ravingerová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The aim of this study was to explore how the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway alleviates photoinhibition in chilled tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. Chilling induced photoinhibition in tomato seedlings despite the increases in thermal energy dissipation and cyclic electron flow around PSI (CEF-PSI). Chilling inhibited the function of PSII and blocked electron transport at the PSII acceptor side, however, it did not affect the oxygen-evolving complex on the donor side of PSII. Upregulation of the AOX pathway protects against photoinhibition by improving PSII function and photosynthetic electron transport in tomato seedlings under chilling stress. The AOX pathway maintained the open state of PSII and the stability of the entire photosynthetic electron transport chain. Moreover, the protective role of the AOX pathway on PSII was more important than that on PSI. However, inhibition of the AOX pathway could be compensated by increasing CEF-PSI activity under chilling stress.
The uptake, reflux and excretion of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) were studied on a model of total warm ischaemia for 30 min (group 1) or 60 min (group 2) followed by reperfusion for 45 min in the isolated perfused rat liver of unfasting rats. In group 1, the BSP hepatic uptake was comparable to control livers (30 s ischaemia plus 45 min reperfusion), but was significantly reduced in group 2. The reflux of BSP from liver to perfusate in group 1 and group 2 resulted in the appearance of secondary concentration time peaks of BSP in the reservoir perfusate. This result suggests that ischaemia-reperfusion induced a qualitative change in BSP pharmacokinetics. Excretion of the dye into bile was significantly impaired in group 2 only. The leakage of lactate dehydrogenase into the perfusate was increased moderately in both group 1 and group 2 in comparison to the controls, suggesting a low degree of liver parenchymal injury. In conclusion, the results of this investigation showed that BSP pharmacokinetics were not only undergoing quantitative changes but also a qualitative change in the model of ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the liver obtained from fed rats and may thus serve as a highly sensitive indicator of liver viability.
This study deals with the changes in position of the office of moravian land captain during the reign of last members of house Luxemburg in Moravia, since the ascension of king Venceslaus IV. in the year 1411, over the reign of Sigismund of Hungary, to the granting of Moravian margravate to Albrecht V. of Habsburg in october 1423. The author corrects some deficiencies of existing literature and specifies the chronology of holders of this office. Based on the analysisi of sources are also reconstructed purviews and areas, in which the land captain could intervene and their changes in time of hussite wars and reign of different margraves. This work also captures the way of appointment and deposition of land captains by the ruler and different strategies and attempts to alternate arrangement of administration of Moravian margravate by Sigismund of Hungary, when he tried to sideline this office, which became more and more dependent on the forming high nobility estate.
During the medieval and early modern eras, most of the European urban authorities intended to rule their cities for the «common good», together with respecting the social hierarchy and privileged status. In the 18th century, however, many voices raised for improving the urban policing and reforming old regulations. Most of police officers claimed for equality of every inhabitant with regards to local police ordinances and petty police courts. But even if the urban rules agreed with their arguments for a more efficient policing, they could not prescribe an equality that would overthrow the Ancien Régime’s social order. Brussels in the 18th century is a good example of this contradiction. It was there impossible to reform the policing for the foreigners nor to create a professional night-watch, because of the strong reluctance of the city aldermen to abandon social privileges which were seen as fundamental freedoms of the country., Catherine Denys ; translated by Laura Bennett., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy