Two original electrical methods of dikes monitoring (temperature scalar field and electrical impedance spectrometry) are described in detail. Using these methods, the non-stationary movement of the free water level in the dike can be indicated. The methods also enable to detect the piping in the dike due to the activity of animals. Some results are shown and discussed. and V příspěvku jsou uvedeny dvě neinvazivní metody (metoda měření teplotního skalárního pole a elektrické impedanční spektrometrie), které byly laboratorně ověřeny při monitorování nestacionárního pohybu volné hladiny vody v ochranných hrázích. Tyto metody navržené a ověřené autory příspěvku rovněž umožňují detekovat objemové změny (velikost nádrže při přelití koruny hráze, působení drobných živočichů apod.) konstrukce ochranné hráze. Některé ze získaných výsledků jsou zde uvedeny a diskutovány.
Bilingualism has been associated with changes in our language-related and domain-general cognition. However, it remains controversial whether bilingualism-related cognitive effects are robust and stable. Also, it is still unclear which aspects of bilingual experiences affect the plasticity of cognitive processes. This article offers a selective overview of the literature on bilingualism and cognition. We discuss results from studies which investigated the sources of cognitive plasticity in bilinguals, using prominent bilingual factors. We argue that, at least in part, the field deals with the controversies by viewing bilingualism through the perspective of usage-based (or experience-based) approaches, although such a link is not always made explicitly. Viewing bilingual variables as indicators of language use and engagement with both languages might offer promising ways forward while allowing for comparisons of existing studies on bilingualism with more recent ones, which build on the usage-based perspective more explicitly. and Bilingvismus je spojován se změnami v kognitivních procesech, a to jak v procesech zodpovědných za jazykové zpracování, tak v doménově obecné kognici. Zůstává však předmětem diskuse, jak silné a stabilní účinky bilingvismu na kognici jsou. Rovněž zůstává nejasné, jaké aspekty bilingvismu jsou primárním zdrojem plasticity kognitivních procesů. Tento článek nabízí výběrový přehled literatury o bilingvismu a kognici a rozebírá existující studie zkoumající zdroje kognitivní plasticity u bilingvních mluvčích z pohledu usage-based přístupů. Zaměřujeme se na roli prominentních bilingvních faktorů, jakými jsou úroveň znalosti jazyka, věk osvojování jazyka, míra střídání kódů, ale také proporcionalita používání jazyků. Tvrdíme, že literatura o vlivu dvojjazyčnosti na kognici se z části vypořádává s kontroverzemi tím, že nahlíží na bilingvismus perspektivou usage-based přístupů, i když spojení s tímto vědeckým rámcem není vždy výslovně zmiňováno. Zasazení bilingvních faktorů do kontextu usage-based přístupů může nabídnout slibné cesty vpřed a zároveň umožnit srovnání stávajících studií o bilingvismu s novějšími studiemi, které jsou ukotveny v usage-based perspektivě explicitněji.
This paper analyses two lists of errors in the Waldesian cult, as contained in manuscripts I F 230 (from 1399, and its twin manuscript Mil II 58), as well as I F 707 (from the early 15th century). The list in manuscript I F 230 was compiled earlier, whereas the one from manuscript I F 707 is identical with the list included in manuscript No. 229 from the library in Pelplin. The comparison of the anti-heretic lists of errors from manuscripts I F 230 and I F 707, as well as the analysis of their contents, reveals similarities and leads to a conclusion that they both refer to writings by inquisitor Petrus Zwicker, while the list in I F 230 could have been even authored by him.
High (HI, 200 W m'^) and low (LI, 30 W m"^) irradiance treatments on the cells of cyanobactenum Synechococcus elongatus Nfig., var. thermalis Geitl. strain KOVROV 1972/8 were perfonned in the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), and with addition of DCMU and hydroxylamine (HA), respectively, at growth (56 °C) and low (20 °C) temperatures, to distínguish allegedly different mechanisms of PS 2 photoinactivation (PS 2 PI). At both temperatures HI caused a decline of Fy and Hill reaction activity (HRA) followed by degradation of Dl and to a lesser extent also D2 protein. Fq increased slowly during irradiance at 56 while at 20 ®C it quickly rose to constant level. Degradation of proteins was slowed at a lower temperature. The presence of DCMU during photoinhibition significantly blocked the Fq rise and also prevented PS 2 protein degradation at both temperatures. The course of PS 2 PI under LI resembled tlmt, observed at HI, but changes were much slower. During irradiation of the cells, in which oxygen evolving complex (OEC) was impaired by HA, we observed: (/) at least a ten-fold faster decline of PS 2 electron transport activity than in the cells vňth fimctional OEC under the same conditions; (2) an extensive degradation not only of Dl and D2, but also of the apoprotein of chlorophyll-protein CP43 {ACP43y, (3) almost complete inhibition of PS 2 protein degradation in the presence of DCMU. Thus under all conditions tested in vivo which do not affect the fimction of OEC, the fimction of OEC, PS 2 PI proceeds via the acceptor side and a fimctional impairment of OEC is necessary for induction of the donor side mechanism. When OEC is impaired (e.g. by HA) this mechanism can come in action.
Epileptic afterdischarges induced by electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex as well as minimal metrazol seizures are characterized by EEG spike-and-wave rhythm and nearly the same motor pattern of clonic seizures. The action of ethosuximide on these two models was tested in adult rats with implanted electrodes. Cortical afterdischarges remained practically uninfluenced by ethosuximide (62.5 or 125 mg/kg i.p.) whereas minimal metrazol seizures were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (doses of 31.25, 62.5 and 125 mg/kg i.p. were used). Present results in connection with recent data on the abolition of spike-and-wave rhythm elicited by low systemic doses of pentylenetetrazol suggest that spike-and-wave rhythm does not represent a single entity.
Morphological examination of novel specimens of paruterinid cestodes from passerine birds from Brazil and Chile and of museum specimens from Paraguay revealed two new species: Anonchotaenia prolixa sp. n. from Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr from Chile, and Anonchotaenia vaslata sp. n. from Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieillot) (type host) and Myiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller) from Paraguay. The generic diagnosis of Anonchotaenia Conn, 1900 is amended, prompted by the presence of the armed cirrus and the elongated cirrus sac of A. prolixa. Two species were redescribed: Anonchotaenia brasiliensis Fuhrmann, 1908 from Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot) and Thraupis cyanoptera (Vieillot) (new host records) from Brazil, and Thraupis sayaca (Linnaeus) and Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus) from Paraguay (new host and geographic records); and Anonchotaenia macrocephala Fuhrmann, 1908 from Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot) (new host record) from Brazil, Tachycineta meyeni (Cabanis) from Chile (new host and geographic record) and Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot) from Paraguay (new host and geographic record). Scanning electron microscopy of A. brasiliensis and A. macrocephala revealed less microthrix variation than has been reported for other cyclophyllidean taxa. Sequence data were generated for nuclear ssr- and lsr-DNA and mitochondrial rrnL and cox1 for A. prolixa, A. brasiliensis, and A. macrocephala. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses supported each species as distinct, but revealed cryptic diversity among A. brasiliensis specimens from different host families. New host records of A. brasiliensis and A. macrocephala prompted a formal assessment of host specificity. Anonchotaenia prolixa was found to be oioxenous (HSS = 0), A. vaslata and A. macrocephala were found to be metastenoxenous (HSS = 3.000 and 3.302, respectively), whereas A. brasiliensis was found to be euryxenous (HSS = 5.876). Anonchotaenia brasiliensis has been found parasitising several species of different passerine families that participate in mixed-species foraging flocks in the Atlantic Forest. A diversity of species of other families join these flocks and are among the substantial number of South American passerine species yet to be examined for cestodes.
Three rheophilic species of the western Palaearctic Barbus with adjacent geographic distributions are recognised in the Danube River basin, each diagnosed by a set of unique mitochondrial DNA alleles. Barbus petenyi Heckel, 1852 from the Eastern and Southern Carpathians and from the Stara Planina Mts is redescribed and a neotype is designated. Barbus carpathicus, new species, is distributed in the Western and Eastern Carpathians. Barbus balcanicus, new species, occurs in the Dinaric and Western Stara Planina Mts. The three species are morphologically similar to each other but B. balcanicus can be distinguished by subtle differences in the snout shape and body and fin colour pattern. As evident from genetic data the name B. cyclolepis waleckii Rolik, 1970 was proposed for the hybrids between B. barbus and B. carpathicus and cannot be used as valid.
Blind mole rats are model organisms for studies of chromosomal evolution, and have a variety of chromosomal forms in Turkey. This study was performed on subterranean mole rats of Nannospalax xanthodon (Satunin, 1898) and N. ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) in Turkey. Karyotypes of 63 specimens originating from 30 localities were analysed. Two new cytotypes with 2n = 54 from Adana and 2n = 56 from Karaman, two different populations of the cytotypes 2n = 54C and 2n = 58S, and four different chromosomal arm numbers of the 2n = 60 cytotype (NF = 74, 76, 78 and 80) were determined in N. xanthodon. The cytotypes characterized by 2n = 54,
NF = 74 from Tufanbeyli and Saimbeyli in the Adana province (54S), and by 2n = 56, NF = 70 from Karaman (56K) are new for N. xanthodon in Turkey. A population of N. ehrenbergi from the Osmaniye province in southern Anatolia had a complement with 2n = 56, NF = 70. Additional karyological records for other cytotypes have extended their known distribution areas, and filled most karyological gaps in Turkey.
Two new species of the feather mite family Pteronyssidae Oudemans, 1941 are described from the white-barred piculet, Picumnus cirratus Temminck from Brazil: Pterotrogus picumni sp. n. and Ramphastobius scutatus sp. n., representing the first mites described from this host. Pterotrogus picumni sp. n. can be readily distinguished from all previous species of the simplex group by having dorsal crest on femora I and II in both sexes. This is the first representative of the genus Pterotrogus Gaud, 1981 recorded on a host of the genus Picumnus Temminck. Ramphastobius scutatus sp. n. is unique among species of the genus by having in both sexes the prodorsal and scapular shields fused into a single propodonotal shield covering all prodorsum. An updated key to known species of the genus Ramphastobius Gaud, 1981 is presented.
The examination of the type series of Ophiotaenia gallardi (Johnston, 1911) (syn. Proteocephalus gallardi Johnston, 1911) revealed that it is a mixture of two species of different genera. Lectotype of Ophiotaenia gallardi is designated and the species is redescribed on the basis of it, conspecific paralectotypes and additional materials. The remaining part of the type series belongs to Vandiermenia gen. n. (Acanthotaeniinae), with V. beveridgei sp. n. as the type- and only species. The new genus differs from all other acanthotaeniine genera, i.e. Rostellotaenia Freze, 1963, Acanthotaenia von Linstow, 1903 and Kapsulotaenia Freze, 1963, by the presence of cortical uterine stem and paramuscular vitelline follicles, particular structure of the internal longitudinal musculature (absent laterally and more developed than in the three above-mentioned genera) and testes limited in two fields separated medially. Type series of Ophiotaenia mjobergi (Nybelin, 1917) (syn. Crepidobothrium mjobergi Nybelin, 1917), O. amphiboluri (Nybelin, 1917) (syn. Crepidobothrium amphiboluri Nybelin, 1917), O. striata (Johnston, 1914) (syn. Acanthotaenia striata Johnston, 1914) and O. longmani Johnston, 1916 are revised and compared with Ophiotaenia gallardi. Australotaenia hylae (Johnston, 1912) comb. n. is proposed for Ophiotaenia hylae Johnston, 1912. Australotaenia gen. n. differs from the remaining genera of the subfamily Acanthotaeniinae by (1) the Type 2 of the formation of the uterus (sensu de Chambrier et al. 2004) (all the other acanthotaeniines have the Type 1 of uterine development), (2) the cortical position of the uterine stem (all the other genera have medullary uterine stem) and (3) the morphology of the internal longitudinal musculature, which is composed of few well-developed bundles of fibres (in contrast to the other genera). The new genus also differs from Vandiermenia by eggs not in clusters, the presence of two testicular fields (versus one in Vandiermenia) and the structure of the longitudinal internal musculature with only 8-10 bundles (versus formed by numerous bundles and with the presence of secondary muscles in Vandiermenia). Ophiotaenia sp. sensu de Chambrier (2004), a parasite of Litoria moorei, is described as Australotaenia grobeli sp. n., which can be distinguished from Australotaenia hylae by the smaller number of testes (46-76 versus 74-106), greater cirrus-sac length/width of proglottis ratio (27-33% versus 17-19%) and the smaller ovary width / proglottis width ratio (55-63% versus 68-71%).