Proba 2 is the second satellite in the European Space Agency´s series of low-cost Proba satellites that validates new spacecraft technologies while also carrying scientific instruments. The nominal duration of a mission will be two years. The second satellite was launched on November 2, 2009. Proba 2 contains five scientific instruments. Two of them are designated to measure basic space plasma properties: the Dual segmented Langmuir Probe (DSLP) Proba 2 and the Thermal Plasma Measurement Unit (TPMU); both were developed by the Astronomical Institute and Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the ASCR. and Pavel Trávníček, František Hruška.
During thee last decade millimeter vvave observations of ihe CO molecule have proved to be one of the most important probes
of the large scale structure and kinematics of the galactic disk. CO surveys show a strong concentralion of molecular gas in
the galactic center region and at a distance of 0.4 - 0.8 Ro often recorded to as the ‘galactic ring’. The shape of the CO radial
distribution is similar to nearly all other tracers of population I material, but quite different from the flat distribution of HI.
Recent high-resolution surveys allow an unprecedented view of individual molecular clouds throughout the disk on all size scales
between a few parsecs and many kiloparsecs. Massive, giant molecular clouds (CMC) are the dominant reservoir of interstellar
matter in the inner galaxy, and are the main active star forming component of the interstellar medium. This article reviews the
theoretical and empirical basis for using the 2.6 mm CO emission line as a tracer of H2 and summarizes the galactic distribution
and properties of the molecular clouds.
We summarize our previous results concerning the local magnetic field formation, showing that its sunspot groups developing to reach higher typec C, D, E etc. continue their magnetic evolution during the period of new magnetic flux addition immediately
after the first magnetically bipolar balanced stage. It is probably a magnetohydrodynamical process of magnetic field strenthening oř a new magnetic flux generation. It is dosely related to a specific singularity in the local magnetic field topology at the inner field boundary not far from the centre of the group, where the gulf of one polarity is compressed inbetween the boundary curvature of the
field of opposite polarity and where large radial velocities can be observed. This is the region, where new peaks of both the leading and the following polarities in a speciál orthogonal relation of the new to the old tubes of lines of force develop, where the greatest field gradiente are formed. The flare frequencies and their importances correlate well with the degree of complexity of magnetic field topology in this situation. The important role of the photosphere in all these processes is underlined.
Though the evidence of rapid variability in early-type stars is rather old, we have passed through the ignition stages of a more recent information explosion on this subject. This explosion started with introduction of new detectors capable to detect even very subtle variations. But the old evidence based on much important changes remains. Different types of rapid variability in 0, B, UR and CP2 stars and their relation are discussed.
Studie se věnuje čtyřem astronomickým pomůckám, které vytvořil a užíval Gerbert z Aurillacu, remešský a ravennský arcibiskup, opat v Bobbiu a v letech 999-1003 papež (pod jménem Silvestr II.). Gerbert vyučoval quadrivium především v Remeši a od jeho žáka Richera z Remeše (kronika Historiarum libri quatuor) a z Gerbertových dopisů (adresovaných jeho příteli a žáku Konstantinovi z Fleury) víme o čtyřech jeho přístrojích, které poskytovaly srozumitelný a názorný úvod do geocentrického výkladu veškerenstva: 1. glóbus světové sféry s nastavitelným horizontem; 2. pozorovací hemisféra s pěti rovnoběžnými kruhy světové sféry (dva polární kruhy, dva obratníky a rovník); 3. armilární sféra s vnitřním umístěním ekliptiky (zvířetníku) a oběžných drah planet; 4. armilární sféra s vnějším umístěním hvězd a souhvězdí., This paper deals with four astronomical tools made and used by Gerbert of Aurillac, archbishop of Rheims and Ravenna, abbot of Bobbio and in 999-1003 pope (under the name Sylvester II.). Gerbert taught quadrivium mainly in Rheims and from his pupil Richer of Rheims (chronicle Historiarum libri quatuor) and from Gerbert’s letters (addresed to his friend and pupil Constantine of Fleury) we know four of his tools, which offered simple and illustrative introduction to the geocentric system of the world: 1. the globe of the world sphere with an adjustable horizon; 2. the observational hemisphere with five parallel circles of world sphere (two polar circles, two tropics and equator); 3. the planetary sphere with zodiac and orbits of planets on the inside and 4. the armillary sphere with stars and constellations on the outside., and Marek Otisk.
A particle path formula has been derived for charged particles spiralling in extended magnetic and gravity fields, In part I (Book 1, 3CS 1), a stationary dipole- like magnetic field has been considered in which particles of the highest energies slowly but continuousely diffuse up and fill the tops of very extended field
lineš, while underescape charged paťticles diffuse down and separate from its top-trapped highTenergy part, Below an impact which squeezes the magnetic tubes the field strength H decreases less thon before or even grows with altitude r, in this region.
Consequently the pitch angle of all down spiralling particles increases less now and vice versa; The plasma shifts down, it streams down even without having gained any energy surplus, The bottom of the Van Allen belt shifts down there and rises os Soon
as the impact has ceased, This explains the oocurrence and disappearence of aurorae, When the H(r)-variation changes so that H=const is passed, without gravity the mag¬ netic mirror would immediately switch from the bottom on the top, In the gravity
field first a "hole effect" gradually reverses the path - between H=const and r“^’ Phenomena occurring now apparently violate some basic physical laws.