Cíl: Cílem příspěvku je literární analýza dosavadních nejvíce využívaných nefarmakologických metod tlumících bolest u novorozencůpro nejlepší praxi založenou na důkazech. Metodika: Pro získání dat za období 2000–2012 byly použity elektronické licencované a volně přístupné databáze. Hodnocení nalezených důkazů bylo realizováno dle metodiky Fineout-Overholt, Johnstona (2005), kteří řadí studie dle specifi ckých kritérií do sedmi kategorií. Do výběru předkládaného příspěvku byly zařazeny důkazy úrovně I, II, III. Zvolená kritéria splňovalo 42 studií (4 meta-analýzy, 6 systematických přehledů, 1 multicentrická studie a 31 randomizovaných kontrolovaných studií). Výsledky: Nefarmakologické metody využívané k tlumení bolesti u novorozenců jsou mnohem více efektivní, pokud jsou použity v kombinaci s dalšími nefarmakologickými metodami, jako jsou muzikoterapie, zavinutí, usnadněné zasunutí, multisenzorická stimulace, klokánkování a non-nutritivní a nutritivní sání. Závěr: Nefarmakologické postupy jsou účinné a vedou k efektivnímu zmírnění bolesti především při drobných procedurálních výkonech jako je odběr krve z patičky pomocí lancety, venepunkce, apod. Léčba bolesti a řízení její prevence by měla být nezbytnou součástí standardní i intenzivní zdravotní péče o novorozence., Aim: The aim of study is a literary analysis of the current most used non-pharmacological methods of relieving pain in neonates for the best evidence-based practice. Methods: For obtain data for the period 2000–2012 were used e-licensed and freely accessible database. Evaluation of the evidence found was carried out according to the methodology Fineout-Overholt, Johnston (2005), who put the study according to specifi c criteria in seven categories. The selection of the present study were classifi ed evidence level I, II, III. Selected criteria met the 42 studies (4 meta-analyzes, 6 systematic reviews, 1 multicenter study and 31 randomized controlled study). Results: Non-pharmacological methods used to control pain in neonates are much more eff ective when used in combination with other non-pharmacological methods, such as swaddling, facilitated tucking, multisensory stimulation, kangaroo care and non-nutritive and nutritive sucking. Conclusion: Non-pharmacological methods are eff ective and lead to eff ective pain relief especially when minor procedural performance as the heel lanceting, venipuncture, etc. Treatment of pain and management prevention should be an essential part of the standard and intensive care of the newborn., Jana Chromá, Lucie Sikorová, and Literatura
Bronchial asthma and obesity is among a group of multietiologic complex diseases which influence each other in their origin, and development. The impact on the patient‘s quality of life and prognosis is significant, health costs included. Because of the increasing prevalence worldwide, there has been an increase in the amount of studies dealing with reciprocal associations between asthma and obesity., Jana Kryštofová, Miloš Jeseňák, Peter Bánovčin, and Literatura 39
Závažným zdravotním problémem rozvinutých zemí jsou chronická neinfekční onemocnění, na jejichž komplexní etiologii se významně podílí životní styl. Ovlivnění chování formujícího životní styl má proto velký preventivní potenciál. Kognitivní teorie a modely chování ozřejmují psychologické faktory participující na behaviorální změně a umožňují vytváření efektivních preventivních strategií, které jsou v souladu s bio-psycho-sociálním pojetím zdraví a nemoci. Behaviorální intervence se uplatňují v primární i sekundární prevenci, mají efekt na individuální a populační úrovni, zvyšují kvalitu života a snižují náklady na zdravotní péči. Chování směřující ke zdraví a způsoby jeho ovlivnění mají věková specifika., Chronic non-infectious diseases are a major health problem in the developed countries. Lifestyle plays an important role in their complex aetiology. Affecting the behaviour forming the lifestyle therefore has a strong preventive potential. Cognitive theories and behavioural models illustrate psychological factors participating in the behavioural change and enable to create effective preventive strategies that are consistent with the bio-psycho-social concept of health and disease. Behavioural interventions are used in both primary and secondary prevention, have effects on the individual and population levels, enhance the quality of life and reduce healthcare costs. Health behaviour and ways of affecting this behaviour are age specific., Šárka Kunzová, Drahoslava Hrubá, Pavel Řimák, Ondřej Sochor, and Literatura
The author reported clinical characteristic features and risk factors for acute intestinal infections in 225 children (140 boys and 85 girls, mean age 1.5 years old). 90 (40%) patients aged up to 12 months, 101 (44.9%) were from 1 to 2 years old, and 34 (15.1%) were more than 2 years old. Most children were hospitalized in the first week of illness and had moderate severe course of disease. Severe forms of illness reliably more often were noted in children being on artificial feeding. Toxicdystrophic condition, severe forms and perinatal encephalopathy were prevailed in boys. Factorial analysis revealed 20 most significant factors with factorization fullness 70.8%. The most significant factors were F1( factor of hyperthermia duration) with 8.5% effect, F2 (factor of pain syndrome) 5.8%, F3 (factor of normal enzymatic activity of colon bacillus) 4.9%, F4 (etiological factor) 4.6%, as well as F5( factor of opportunistic flora of the intestine) 4.4%, respectively., Mukarram Shadjalilova, and Literatura
More than half of all of the children in the world, which die before the age of five, die in Africa. Wider availability of several highly effecti - ve interventions such as oral rehyd - ration therapy in cases of diarrhoea could prevent large proportion of these child deaths. Unfortunately these interventions are usually not available in African countries. Ho - wever both availability of different life-saving health interventions and child mortality varies a lot across African countries. The purpose of this article is to explore what are determinants of child mortality and availability of these interventions in Africa. Both a review of existing research and a statistical analysis of data from 41 African countries point to the quality of governance and control of corruption as the most significant determinant of health system performance and availability of these life-saving interventions in Africa., Jan Klusáček, and Literatura
INTRODUCTION: Cellulitis remains a very serious disease even today. Mortality, which varied between 10-40%, has been reduced owing to the standard securing of airway patency and use of an appropriate surgical treatment approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 195 patients were hospitalised for cellulitis at the University Hospital in Hradec Králové during 2007-2011. The following parameters were evaluated: age, gender, dependence of incidence of the disease on the season of the year, frequency of attacks of the particular areas and their clinical characteristics, aetiology of the inflammation, types of patient complaints, prevalence of current systemic diseases, results of microbiological and selected laboratory analyses, socio-economic status of the patients, and duration of patient stay at the hospital. Statistical analysis was performed by using Pearson's correlation coefficient, the statistical significance level was p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 39.8 years. The group of 195 patients included 108 (55%) males and 87 (45%) females. The mean time between the first symptoms of the disease and admission to the Department was 5 days. From among the 195 patients, 116 (59.5%) were working persons, 79 (40.5%) were non-working (children, students, unemployed persons, women on maternity leave, retired people). The odontogenic origin of the disease was verified in 173 (88.7%) patients. In total, 65 (33.3%) patients had no coinciding complicating systemic disease, 22 (11.3%) patients had diabetes mellitus. The most frequent symptom of cellulitis was painful swelling, found in 194 (99.5%) patients, followed by jaw contracture, found in 153 (78.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: The results are largely very similar to those of previous studies performed in other countries, except that we found no correlation between the prevalence of cellulitis and the socio-economic status, nor have we confirmed Klebsiella pneumoniae sp. as the cause of cellulitis in patients with diabetes mellitus. and H. Doležalová, J. Zemek, L. Tuček
V krátkém sdělení podává autor informace o poznatcích z nedávných konferencí, zaměřených na problematiku koupání dětí v krytých bazénech. Postoje odborníků se dají shrnout do konstatování, že koupání kojenců a dětí je činnost, která vyžaduje dodržení zásad bezpečnosti provozu, aby nemohlo docházet k ohrožení zdraví, a provozovatelé těchto zařízení musí plnit všechny podmínky nutné pro poskytování služeb, včetně dostatečné výměny vzduchu. Nemohou obstát námitky, že jde o opatření investičně náročná. Přestože se zkušenosti s koupáním dětí v bazénech opírají o léta praktických i teoretických poznatků, existují stále otázky k dalšímu zkoumání., In the short communication the author submits the issues of recent conferences on baby swimming. Professionals mostly consider baby swimming as beneficial for the child's physical condition, but stress a strict observance of maintenance of the swimming pool. This must include also proper ventilation, regardless the costs which might be substantial. Although there is abundant experience with baby swimming, there still remain many problems to be researched., Ivan Černý, and Lit.: 7