Bilingualism has been associated with changes in our language-related and domain-general cognition. However, it remains controversial whether bilingualism-related cognitive effects are robust and stable. Also, it is still unclear which aspects of bilingual experiences affect the plasticity of cognitive processes. This article offers a selective overview of the literature on bilingualism and cognition. We discuss results from studies which investigated the sources of cognitive plasticity in bilinguals, using prominent bilingual factors. We argue that, at least in part, the field deals with the controversies by viewing bilingualism through the perspective of usage-based (or experience-based) approaches, although such a link is not always made explicitly. Viewing bilingual variables as indicators of language use and engagement with both languages might offer promising ways forward while allowing for comparisons of existing studies on bilingualism with more recent ones, which build on the usage-based perspective more explicitly. and Bilingvismus je spojován se změnami v kognitivních procesech, a to jak v procesech zodpovědných za jazykové zpracování, tak v doménově obecné kognici. Zůstává však předmětem diskuse, jak silné a stabilní účinky bilingvismu na kognici jsou. Rovněž zůstává nejasné, jaké aspekty bilingvismu jsou primárním zdrojem plasticity kognitivních procesů. Tento článek nabízí výběrový přehled literatury o bilingvismu a kognici a rozebírá existující studie zkoumající zdroje kognitivní plasticity u bilingvních mluvčích z pohledu usage-based přístupů. Zaměřujeme se na roli prominentních bilingvních faktorů, jakými jsou úroveň znalosti jazyka, věk osvojování jazyka, míra střídání kódů, ale také proporcionalita používání jazyků. Tvrdíme, že literatura o vlivu dvojjazyčnosti na kognici se z části vypořádává s kontroverzemi tím, že nahlíží na bilingvismus perspektivou usage-based přístupů, i když spojení s tímto vědeckým rámcem není vždy výslovně zmiňováno. Zasazení bilingvních faktorů do kontextu usage-based přístupů může nabídnout slibné cesty vpřed a zároveň umožnit srovnání stávajících studií o bilingvismu s novějšími studiemi, které jsou ukotveny v usage-based perspektivě explicitněji.
This paper analyses two lists of errors in the Waldesian cult, as contained in manuscripts I F 230 (from 1399, and its twin manuscript Mil II 58), as well as I F 707 (from the early 15th century). The list in manuscript I F 230 was compiled earlier, whereas the one from manuscript I F 707 is identical with the list included in manuscript No. 229 from the library in Pelplin. The comparison of the anti-heretic lists of errors from manuscripts I F 230 and I F 707, as well as the analysis of their contents, reveals similarities and leads to a conclusion that they both refer to writings by inquisitor Petrus Zwicker, while the list in I F 230 could have been even authored by him.
The Fibonacci Cube is an interconnection network that gets many desirable properties that are very important in the network design, network stability and applications. The extended Fibonacci Cube is a new network topology. The vulnerability value of a communication network shows the resistance of the network after the disruption of some centres or connection lines until the communication breakdown. In a network, as the number of centres belonging to sub networks changes, the vulnerability of the network also changes and requires greater degrees of stability or less vulnerability. If the communication network is modelled by graph G, the deterministic measures tend to provide a worst-case analysis of some aspects of overall disconnection process. Many graph theoretical parameters have been used in the past to describe the stability of communication networks. There are few parameters such as integrity, neighbour-integrity and tenacity number giving the vulnerability. Also, in the neighbour-integrity, if a station is destroyed, the adjacent stations will be betrayed so that the betrayed stations become useless to network as a whole.
In this paper we study the stability of the Extended Fibonacci Cube using the integrity and neighbour-integrity. We compared the obtained results with the results of the other network topologies. We saw that, for two graphs G1 and G2 that have same number of vertices if k(G1) > k(G2), then I(G1) > I(G2) and NI(G1)< NI(G2).
High (HI, 200 W m'^) and low (LI, 30 W m"^) irradiance treatments on the cells of cyanobactenum Synechococcus elongatus Nfig., var. thermalis Geitl. strain KOVROV 1972/8 were perfonned in the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), and with addition of DCMU and hydroxylamine (HA), respectively, at growth (56 °C) and low (20 °C) temperatures, to distínguish allegedly different mechanisms of PS 2 photoinactivation (PS 2 PI). At both temperatures HI caused a decline of Fy and Hill reaction activity (HRA) followed by degradation of Dl and to a lesser extent also D2 protein. Fq increased slowly during irradiance at 56 while at 20 ®C it quickly rose to constant level. Degradation of proteins was slowed at a lower temperature. The presence of DCMU during photoinhibition significantly blocked the Fq rise and also prevented PS 2 protein degradation at both temperatures. The course of PS 2 PI under LI resembled tlmt, observed at HI, but changes were much slower. During irradiation of the cells, in which oxygen evolving complex (OEC) was impaired by HA, we observed: (/) at least a ten-fold faster decline of PS 2 electron transport activity than in the cells vňth fimctional OEC under the same conditions; (2) an extensive degradation not only of Dl and D2, but also of the apoprotein of chlorophyll-protein CP43 {ACP43y, (3) almost complete inhibition of PS 2 protein degradation in the presence of DCMU. Thus under all conditions tested in vivo which do not affect the fimction of OEC, the fimction of OEC, PS 2 PI proceeds via the acceptor side and a fimctional impairment of OEC is necessary for induction of the donor side mechanism. When OEC is impaired (e.g. by HA) this mechanism can come in action.
Epileptic afterdischarges induced by electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex as well as minimal metrazol seizures are characterized by EEG spike-and-wave rhythm and nearly the same motor pattern of clonic seizures. The action of ethosuximide on these two models was tested in adult rats with implanted electrodes. Cortical afterdischarges remained practically uninfluenced by ethosuximide (62.5 or 125 mg/kg i.p.) whereas minimal metrazol seizures were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (doses of 31.25, 62.5 and 125 mg/kg i.p. were used). Present results in connection with recent data on the abolition of spike-and-wave rhythm elicited by low systemic doses of pentylenetetrazol suggest that spike-and-wave rhythm does not represent a single entity.
That early Buddhists were acquainted with the Homeric Hymns is vehemently suspected. That Homer’s epics were used by them has not been suspected. Buddhists of perhaps the third to fourth centuries clearly used two episodes, the Pyre of Patroclus and Odysseus’ Bow. Adaptations and variations lead to a suspicion that the stories, admired by Buddhist authors, were worked over more than once. That the Greek text of the original epics was used at that relatively late period has not been established.
Morphological examination of novel specimens of paruterinid cestodes from passerine birds from Brazil and Chile and of museum specimens from Paraguay revealed two new species: Anonchotaenia prolixa sp. n. from Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr from Chile, and Anonchotaenia vaslata sp. n. from Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieillot) (type host) and Myiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller) from Paraguay. The generic diagnosis of Anonchotaenia Conn, 1900 is amended, prompted by the presence of the armed cirrus and the elongated cirrus sac of A. prolixa. Two species were redescribed: Anonchotaenia brasiliensis Fuhrmann, 1908 from Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot) and Thraupis cyanoptera (Vieillot) (new host records) from Brazil, and Thraupis sayaca (Linnaeus) and Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus) from Paraguay (new host and geographic records); and Anonchotaenia macrocephala Fuhrmann, 1908 from Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot) (new host record) from Brazil, Tachycineta meyeni (Cabanis) from Chile (new host and geographic record) and Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot) from Paraguay (new host and geographic record). Scanning electron microscopy of A. brasiliensis and A. macrocephala revealed less microthrix variation than has been reported for other cyclophyllidean taxa. Sequence data were generated for nuclear ssr- and lsr-DNA and mitochondrial rrnL and cox1 for A. prolixa, A. brasiliensis, and A. macrocephala. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses supported each species as distinct, but revealed cryptic diversity among A. brasiliensis specimens from different host families. New host records of A. brasiliensis and A. macrocephala prompted a formal assessment of host specificity. Anonchotaenia prolixa was found to be oioxenous (HSS = 0), A. vaslata and A. macrocephala were found to be metastenoxenous (HSS = 3.000 and 3.302, respectively), whereas A. brasiliensis was found to be euryxenous (HSS = 5.876). Anonchotaenia brasiliensis has been found parasitising several species of different passerine families that participate in mixed-species foraging flocks in the Atlantic Forest. A diversity of species of other families join these flocks and are among the substantial number of South American passerine species yet to be examined for cestodes.
Blind mole rats are model organisms for studies of chromosomal evolution, and have a variety of chromosomal forms in Turkey. This study was performed on subterranean mole rats of Nannospalax xanthodon (Satunin, 1898) and N. ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) in Turkey. Karyotypes of 63 specimens originating from 30 localities were analysed. Two new cytotypes with 2n = 54 from Adana and 2n = 56 from Karaman, two different populations of the cytotypes 2n = 54C and 2n = 58S, and four different chromosomal arm numbers of the 2n = 60 cytotype (NF = 74, 76, 78 and 80) were determined in N. xanthodon. The cytotypes characterized by 2n = 54,
NF = 74 from Tufanbeyli and Saimbeyli in the Adana province (54S), and by 2n = 56, NF = 70 from Karaman (56K) are new for N. xanthodon in Turkey. A population of N. ehrenbergi from the Osmaniye province in southern Anatolia had a complement with 2n = 56, NF = 70. Additional karyological records for other cytotypes have extended their known distribution areas, and filled most karyological gaps in Turkey.
Two new species of the feather mite family Pteronyssidae Oudemans, 1941 are described from the white-barred piculet, Picumnus cirratus Temminck from Brazil: Pterotrogus picumni sp. n. and Ramphastobius scutatus sp. n., representing the first mites described from this host. Pterotrogus picumni sp. n. can be readily distinguished from all previous species of the simplex group by having dorsal crest on femora I and II in both sexes. This is the first representative of the genus Pterotrogus Gaud, 1981 recorded on a host of the genus Picumnus Temminck. Ramphastobius scutatus sp. n. is unique among species of the genus by having in both sexes the prodorsal and scapular shields fused into a single propodonotal shield covering all prodorsum. An updated key to known species of the genus Ramphastobius Gaud, 1981 is presented.