The article surveys the ways science was thematized as a sociological subject. It starts with the reflections on knowledge and science in the Enlightenment, further reviews the main contributions of Comtean philosophy and sociology of science, stresses Merton’s role in making the traditional sociology of knowledge open to empirical research, and traces the subsequent development of the field: the progress of quantitative analyses and ethnographic researches of science, the Kuhnian turn towards historicizing and Foucaultian turn towards the politics of science, the evolution of cognitive sociology of science, as well as the inspirations drawn from works of Bloor, Barnes, and Latour., Miloslav Petrusek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Japanese personal names reflect the period in which thex were given, revealing the social attitudes and values of that time. In contemporary Japan names bear witness to the growing emphasis on individualism and uniqueness. This paper describes the rather difficult process of choosing the perfect name for one´s child, and analyzes the newly evident characteristic features of current personal names., Ivona Barešová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Soviet Central Asia served during the Stalinist era as one of the regions where politically unreliable persons where exiled by the communist regime. Some of them were people of extraordinary merits both scientific or artistic. Exile in harsh conditions of Central Asia steppes should have been detrimental to their further activities. But as the life stories of three different personalities show here (Klaudiya Antipina, Anna Pankratova and Igor Savitsky), even difficult and hostile environment does not stop truly creative and open mind to continue in the search for new discoveries and new accomplishments., Martina Varkočková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article deals with changes in the social status of women, their civil rights and women's activism in iran. The text focuses primarily on the period after the establishment of the Islamic Republic and the implementation of Sharica law. The situation and the rights of women have undergone change in the past three decades in connection with politics and the interests of the Islamist regime. Because of several limitations in relation to the rights of women, Iranian women have sought to influnce public opinion and to change laws through various women's journals and also through their professions. Female politicians have tried to change the system from inside by influencing the laws concerning women's issues and they have stood as candidates in parliamentary elections, even wanting to stand as candidates in presidential elections. The growing activism of Iranian women has been obvious, expecially since the 1990s, and it reached its peak during the post-election protests of June 2009, following the allegedly manipulated presidential elections., Martina Ponížilová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Harem was a part of all rich houses, but the Sultan´s Harem was always attracted the biggest attention. It was a residence, which was inhabited by family, mainly by women with small children, daughters and slave girls. The Ottoman Sultan´s Harem, where mostly several hundreds of girl slaves were situated, was ruled by the Sultan´s mother – valide sultan. Sultans were not in a personal contact with all girls. Only between ten and twenty women were in their immediate vicinity. They were represented by wives – kadin, felicities – ikbal, favourites – gözde and maidservants. The Sultan´s Harem was an institution, which had a strict protocol and the given function hierarchy., Kateřina Vytejčková., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
Cults of saints have been present in India for centuries. They constitute a psecial, as well as, typically Indian form of religiosity in which the sanctified figure has often been equated with the idea of God. Beliefs and practices associated with the saints also largely form the folk and living religion in India, where the simplistic and modern division of Indian religious world into its Hindu and Muslim parts diversifies. The goal of this article is to provide an example of local cult of the Good Sultan (Cang Sultan), found in the Western parts of the Indian state of Maharashtra, to describe the forms of local religiosity of Western Indian pastoralists (dhangars) and suggest the possible historical contexts of the Good Sultan´s cult., Dušan Deák., and Obsahuje seznam literatury