The paper examines origin and professional background of the scribes of the 18th century Bohemian manuscripts and follows the changes in the social structure of their readers, using the information from several hundred handwritten books and documents. Received data show that the number of scribes is rising immensely in the last decades of the 18th century. The most distinct growth might be observed within the number of scribes working in the rural areas. In the first half of the 18th century the most productive group of scribes are monks. In the last quarter of the century this role goes to teachers and parish priests. Their production, however, often has commercial or official character. Besides in the late period of the century strongly increases representation of craftsmen and farmers among the scribes. Also growth of the number of readers living in the countryside, especially women, might be observed. These changes seem to be the results of educational, administrative and Church reforms performed by Maria Theresa and Joseph II in the late 18th century., Dmitrij Timofejev., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Taphonomic, paleopathological, and paleodemographic analyses of human remains from the Mid Upper Paleolithic of western Eurasia are increasingly documenting a diversity of mortuary behaviors among these successful Late Pleistocene foragers. These considerations are joined by three associated pairs of otherwise isolated appendicular remains from the site of Pavlov I (the Pavlov 31 partial hands and the Pavlov 37 and 38 tarsometatarsal skeletons), previously described morphologically but not assessed in terms of their taphonomy. They are described here with respect to their contexts and patterns of preservation to assess possible taphonomic and/or mortuary implications of these sets of antimeres. Subchondral articular bone that is free of carbonate encrustation on at least the Pavlov 37 pedal remains suggests some degree of articulation in situ. Although root etched, the elements lack carnivore or other vertebrate damage, as well as cut marks. Even though associated unilateral hand or foot remains are unexceptional among the fur-bearing faunal remains, the bilateral presence of these human remains raises questions concerning the taphonomic and behavioral/ mortuary processes responsible for their preservation: do they represent portions of abandoned human bodies, remains of naturally disturbed burials, extremities left from secondary burials, and/or intentionally manipulated human body portions? Any combination of these processes expands current perceptions of the mortuary diversity among these early modern humans., Sandra Sázelová, Jarosław Wilczyński, Piotr Wojtal, Jiří Svoboda, Erik Trinkaus., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
1_The cosmogenic radionuclide 14C is created in the atmosphere as the result of nuclear reactions generated by cosmic radiation. It is then oxidised in the atmosphere to take on the chemical form 14CO2, which has physical and chemical properties similar to conventional carbon dioxide. First of all, 14CO2 is formed in plant tissue through photosynthesis; then, as part of the food chain, 14C enters the bodies of herbivores and subsequently carnivores. When an animal dies, it ceases to absorb 14C from the surrounding environment and 14C activity in the corresponding sample gradually decreases due to radioactive decay. The half-life of 14C is 5730 ± 40 years, which is why this radionuclide may be used to date samples containing organic carbon. 14C may be determined by measuring its activity (using conventional methods) or using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) to determine the 14C content in a carbon isotopic mixture (now the predominant method). The resulting activities are referenced against the radiocarbon standard and expressed as conventional radiocarbon age in BP in accordance with the Stuiver-Polach convention (1977). As 14C activity was not completely constant in the past, the resulting activities must be adjusted (calibrated) using a radiocarbon calibration curve. The INTCAL09 calibration curve is now available for terrestrial samples. For the purposes of creating these calibration curves, highly precise 14C activities are allocated ages determined using other dating methods, such as dendrochronology (Stuiver et al. 1993; Reimer et al. 2009)., 2_Software such as OxCal, CALIB and CalPal may be used for the actual calibration process, and the result is generally expressed in years AD and BC, or in calibrated BP years (once again meaning prior to 1950; however, when results are expressed in this way it can often lead to confusion with the conventional radiocarbon age). Radiocarbon dating is now one of the most precise physical dating methods in archaeology, after dendrochronology., Miriam Nývltová Fišáková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article looks at how emotion is represented in Bohemian folk chronicles, i.e. texts of a historiographic character, written by autodidacts - mostly peasants and artisans. At the core of our analysis is the most famous work of this kind, Paměti Františka Jana Vaváka z let 1770-1816 (Memoirs of František Jan Vavák 1770-1816). Other writings from the turn of the 19th century (e.g. those of Václav Jan Mašek, Jan Petr, Ondřej Lukavský) are also considered. Our initial question is: How, and in which contexts, did Czech-speaking authors of the late 18th and early 19th century, having no opportunity to get acquainted with contemporary philosophical theories, express affects? The study shows that the emotions, especially joy and grief, are expressed in a way recommended by early modern rhetoricians (e.g. Cypriano de Soarez or Bernard Lamy): particular figures are associated with particular affects. Though the principle is the same, the figures used by autodidacts differ from those recommended by the rhetoric manuals. Being unable to read Latin, German or French rhetorics, the authors had probably grasped the principles of how to represent affect from their reading, but adapted them according to their own talent and vision. As might be expected given the rural origin and values of the authors, joy is expressed mostly in the context of weather favourable for the harvest, while grief is realised in the context of rising prices and natural disasters., Dmitrij Timofejev., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy