The subject of this analysis is Bridge No. 1 in Mikulčice, which was discovered during a large-scale archaeological excavation of a former riverbed between the years 1966 and 1968 and revisited in 2012. Although it is the best preserved bridge in Mikulčice, reconstucting it faces a number of limitations. The aim of this article is to define in more detail such limitations as well as possibilities, drawing on previous attempt to reconstuct this bidge. During the processing of the find situation of Bridge No. 1 foru "key questions" regarding reconstruction have been formulated. Our resulting statement says that in the fiven circumstances we cannot exclude the existence of a number of substantial reconstructions of the bridge, or rather the existence of more bridges constucted over time in the same place. Because only the load-bearing parts of the bridge´s construction have been preserved, we know almost nothing about the part above water level. Here we can be inspored especially by mediaeval and modern era bridges in period representations or by bridges of similar constuction that are still standing. There remains the general quetion of the origin of the bridge´s consturction, which has analogies in a nuber of La téne and Roman localities in Western Europe. A possible explanation is that the Classical tradition of engineering may have been mediated by the provinces in the Danube region., Lumír Poláček, Gerard Wilke., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The surface surveys over the Mohelno highland plateau microregion, bordered by Oslava River to the north and Jihlava River to the south, have a long tradition with many resultant collections. Part of those collections that were available for study to the authors (including their own fi nds) were reanalyzed. Generally, this microregion is distinctive due to its specifi c Early Upper Paleolithic industry (or industry from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transitional period) combining Levallois technique and bifacial reduction. Although the association of these two components is an important question for current archeology, the material from this microregion cannot be used for addressing this question because the collections are from surface scatters so the level of assemblage homogeneity and chronological control cannot be established. Although the local Krumlovský les-type chert dominates the raw material spectra, imports of Stránská skála-type chert and radiolarite also occur. Other raw materials include local siliceous weathering products, Cretaceous spongolite chert and rock crystal. In addition, Aurignacian occupation (with prevailing erratic fl int in raw material spectra) was documented at one site, supplemented by several isolated finds., Petr Škrdla ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Mohelno-Plevovce was repeatedly occupied during the Late Upper Paleolithic. Two paved stone structures constructed from local stones have been excavated thus far. These structures are characterized by a high density of lithic artifacts within the paved area and a rapidly decreasing density away from the paved area - this is interpreted as a result of the "barrier-effect" of the covered area. The lithic tools are characterized by abundant splintered pieces, steeply retouched end scrapers, and tiny microlithic tools produced on carenoidal blanks. Utilized raw material types indicate good knowledge of local rocks including rock crystal and weathering products of serpentinite, as well as broad raw material networks including erratic flint imported from northern Moravia and Szentgál radiolarite imported from Balaton Lake area., Petr Škrdla, Jaroslav Bartík, Jan Eigner, Tereza Rychtaříková, Pavel Nikolajev, Miriam Nývltová Fišáková, Ladislav nejman, Michaela Polanská, Jan Novák., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The reported research in Malżyce, site no. 30, situated on one of the of the vast loess-covered elevations of the Małopolska Upland has brought valuable data on the Funnel Beaker (TRB) and the Corded Ware (CWC) cultures in West Małopolska. The central grave of the TRB barrow was accompanied by five chronologically younger graves of the CWC and three graves of the Early Bronze Age Mierzanowice culture. In the TRB grave two vessels and a flint trapezium were found. In its size and constructional traits the Malżyce TRB barrow is analogous to various CWC features of this type. But becouse of its dating – the TRB tumulus in Malżyce cannot be regarded as a valid argument for deriving CWC burial mounds from TRB structures., Krysztof Tunia, Piotr Włodarczak., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Later than in the wet of Europe, it was only in the course of the 12th century that the water wheel caught on in Bohemia and Moravia. At the same time hand-powered mills were still requently being used. Until the end of the 12th century most water mills as well as water courses were the property of princes, so permission to run an existing mil or to build a new one had to be granted. The location, design of and technology used in mediaeval mills in our vicinity have not been archaeologically researched. The hypotheritcal appearance of such mills and what equipment they had can be modelled based on the results of research abroad, since similar structures might also have been in use in mediaeval Bohemia and Moravia., Lucie Galusová, Martina Maříková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Close to Kuřim, in the „Záhoří do klínů“ fi eld, a large settlement of the Linear Pottery culture was excavated, revealing several pits with Moravian Painted Pottery culture (MPP). This article focuses on one of these features (number 168), the only one to contain a large number of ceramic items. Analysis of the material shows that the pottery shares many common features with pottery from phase Ib MPP; however, there are also some differences, for example the specifi c shapes of knobs and the absence of incised decoration. It is probable that the Kuřim site is one of a small number of known sites dated to the fi nal phase of the old stage of the Culture with Moravian Painted Pottery (phase Ic)., Eliška Kazdová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Příběh likvidace severočeského města Most v sedmdesátých letech minulého století kvůli těžbě hnědého uhlí slouží autorovi jako případová studie k načrtnutí proměn státněsocialistické verze modernity ve dvacátém století. Klade si přitom základní otázku: v jakém myšlenkovém a sociálním kontextu bylo možné ospravedlnit gigantický experiment, v jehož důsledku zaniklo jedno z nejcennějších historických měst českých zemí? Rámcově připomíná historii Mostu jako mocenského a hospodářského centra od 13. století, stoupající ekonomický význam dolování uhlí v Podkrušnohorské pánvi a úvahy o rozšíření těžby na samotný areál města, které se po druhé světové válce přetavily do plánů na zbourání starého a výstavbu nového Mostu, což v roce 1962 posvětily rozhodující politické orgány Československé socialistické republiky. Tento příběh autor nahlíží ze tří odlišných perspektiv. První z nich je lokální a klade důraz na specifika krajiny a společnosti v tomto regionu českého pohraničí. Je pro ni charakteristické přetržení tradic a vazeb mezi člověkem a prostředím, zánik tamní etnické, kulturní a náboženské identity v důsledku dramatické výměny obyvatel po roce 1945 (vysídlení Němců a znovuosídlení pohraničí), kterou posléze nahradilo ztotožnění s industriální vizí, založenou na vyzdvižení práce, produktivity a modernosti., Produktivistické myšlení jako druhá perspektiva autorových úvah má naopak globálně civilizační ráz. V jeho logice byla podle autora mostecká krajina redukována na zásobárnu surovin potřebných pro další rozvoj země a osudy jejích obyvatel podřízeny odosobněné ekonomické moci a zdánlivě nezpochybnitelným potřebám pokroku. Autor tvrdí, že hlavním hybatelem asanace Mostu byl management Severočeských hnědouhelných dolů a že jako klíčový legitimizační argument sloužil výpočet aktivní finanční bilance tamní těžby. Také třetí nabídnutá perspektiva urbanistických utopií vřazuje příběh do souvislostí evropské moderny. Autor zde osvětluje vizi a výstavbu nového Mostu jako „města růží“, jež mělo nahradit zanedbaný a rozpadající se starý Most, na pozadí myšlenkových proměn československé a evropské architektonické avantgardy mezi třicátými a šedesátými lety minulého století. Podle jeho názoru vycházela celá tato akce z utopie racionálně organizovaného, čistého a spravedlivého města budoucnosti a byla takto prezentována i veřejnosti. V dalším sleduje autor veřejné ohlasy plánů na asanaci Mostu v šedesátých letech, a to v kontextech probouzející se pozornosti k životnímu prostředí a zaostávajícího zájmu o památkovou péči., Ve druhé polovině dekády, a zejména za pražského jara se pak tyto plány staly předmětem veřejné kritiky a kulturní elity se začaly zřetelně vymezovat vůči samotné produktivistické ideologii. Po nástupu takzvané normalizace byly sice kritické hlasy umlčeny, ale na příkladu Mostu je podle autora možné sledovat zrod nového paradigmatu, založeného na syntéze technokratické mentality s humanistickým diskurzem ohleduplnosti k dědictví minulosti. To se plně projevilo v kampani kolem přestěhování nejcennější mostecké památky, gotického kostela Nanebevzetí Panny Marie, který byl díky světově unikátnímu technickému řešení přesunut téměř o kilometr mimo areál těžby. Tato událost, jež měla vyjadřovat vztah socialistického státu k životnímu prostředí a historickému dědictví, se stala ikonou celého mosteckého příběhu. Autor uzavírá tvrzením, že poválečná historie Mostu je sice bezpochyby také projevem ideologie a direktivní praxe státního socialismu, v daleko větší míře je ale vypouklým zrcadlem evropské průmyslové moderny., The story of how and why the old north Bohemian town of Most was destroyed in the 1970s to enable lignite (brown-coal) mining serves the author as a case study with which to outline the transformations of the State-Socialist version of modernity in the twentieth century. In doing so, he raises a fundamental question: What were the intellectual and social contexts that made it possible to justify this gigantic experiment, a result of which was the destruction of one of the most valuable historic towns in the Bohemian Lands? The author outlines the history of Most as a centre of power and economics from the thirteenth century onwards, the growing economic importance of the coal-mining area in the foothills of the Giant Mountains (Podkrušnohorská pánev), and considerations about expanding mining to the area of the town itself. After the Second World War, these considerations were recast into plans for the demolition of the old town of Most and the building of a new town of the same name. The plans were given the blessing of the key political bodies of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1962., The author looks at the story from three different perspectives. The fi rst is local, emphasizing the special nature of the landscape and society in this region of the Bohemian borderlands (formerly called the Sudetenland). Typical of this perspective are the interrupted traditions and broken bonds between human beings and their environment, and the demise of local ethnic, cultural, and religious identity in consequence of the dramatic population exchange after 1945 (the expulsion of the Germans and the re-settlement of the borderlands); these bonds and traditions were eventually substituted for by identifying with the industrial vision, based on work, productivity, and modernity. Productivist thinking as the second perspective in the essay, by contrast, is of a global nature, occurring wherever civilization was spread. By this logic, the author argues, the Most region was reduced to a storehouse of raw materials necessary for the further development of the country and the lives of its inhabitants who were subordinated to depersonalized economic powers and the apparently unquestioned needs of progress., The author argues that the management of the North Bohemian Lignite Mines (Severočeské hnědouhelné doly) was the driving force behind the removal of Most and that the calculation of a positive fi nancial balance of local mining was the key argument for the legitimation of the project. The third perspective offered here is that of urban planners’ utopias, and it also puts the story into the context of European modernism. Here, the author explains, against the background of changes in avant-garde thinking in Czechoslovakia and the rest of Europe from the 1930s through the 1960s, the vision, and construction, of the new Most as a ''City of Roses'' to take the place of derelict old Most. According to the author, the whole project had its origins in a rationally organized utopia, a clean and socially just city of the future, and it was presented as such to the public. Among other things, the author discusses public responses to the plans for the removal of Most in the 1960s, in the context of nascent attention to the natural environment and the undeveloped interest in the preservation of historical monuments., In the second half of the decade, particularly during the Prague Spring, these plans then became the subject of public criticism, and the cultural elite began clearly to distinguish itself from productivist ideology itself. Even though critical voices were silenced with the coming of ‘normalization’ policy in 1969, Most can, according to the author, serve as a good example of the birth of a new paradigm, one founded on the synthesis of the technocratic mentality and the humanist discourse of respecting the cultural heritage. That was fully manifested in the campaign for moving the most valuable architectural monument in Most, the Gothic Church of the Assumption. Thanks to the solution, which was an internationally unique feat of engineering, the church was moved almost one kilometre outside the mining area. This event, intended to express the Socialist State’s concern for the natural environment and cultural heritage, became the icon of the Most story as a whole. The author concludes by claiming that although the post-war history of Most is doubtless an expression of the ideology and directive practice of State Socialism, it is to a far greater degree a convex mirror of industrial European modernism., and Matěj Spurný.