The impact of blasting operations is accompanied by both positive and negative after-effects. Vibrations, activated by explosion, help to disintegrate the rocks representing a positive effect on one hand and a negative effect on the other and they endanger the surrounding buildings and other properties. If the vibrations are large enough, then the ambient objects could be damaged or destroyed. The negative effects depend on their range and strength. Vibration intensity of seismic waves is generally proportional to the weight of the explosive used. Recently, negative effects of the blasting operations and quantification of the seismic safety have been highly actual and stand for a challenging problem. The article highlights the results of the blasting operation monitoring in some quarry in Slovakia., Julián Kondela and Blažej Pandula., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
An assemblage of Al-low titanite and ilmenite is present in Ti-rich microgranodiorites intruded in the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif. Titanite is characterized by coupled substitution (Al, Fe3+) + (F, OH) ⇔ Ti +O, with a slight excess of (Al, Fe3+)-OH component over of (Al, Fe3+)-F component. Ilmenites have FeTiO3 amount between 86 and 95 mol. % and are partly enriched in the MnTiO3 (pyrophanite) component (4-10 mol. %). The relatively low content of MnTiO3 component in ilmenite, together with absence of magnetite suggests that first crystallization phase of microgranodiorites connected with origin of ilmenite started in conditions of low fO2. However, titanite together with ferroactinolite originated in late-magmatic stage most likely due to hydration reaction such as clinopyroxene + ilmenite + quartz + H2O = titanite + amphibole during some increasing of fO2 and fH2O., Miloš René., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Titanium-rich biotite from granodiorite belonging to redwitzite suite of the Slavkovský les Mts. alters to mixture of low-Al titanite, Mn-enriched ilmenite, REE-fluorocarbonate (parisite) and very fine-grained mixture of chlorite and clay minerals. Titanite consists from 1.1 to 2.3 wt. % Al2O3 and from 0.4 to 1.0 wt. % Fe2O3. Titanite shows some Al+Fe3+ excess over F with significant amount of (Al+Fe3+)-OH titanite component (4-9 mol. %). Ilmenite contains considerable amount of pyrophanite component (5-8 mol. %). The retrograde assemblage of titanite with considerable amount of (Al+Fe3+)-OH titanite component and presence of ilmenite, together with chlorite, argued for low-temperature breakdown of biotite in reducing conditions., Miloš René., and Obsahuje bibliografii
An assemblage of Al-bearing titanite, ilmenite and magnetite is present in polymetamorphic metabasite environment of the Varied group of the Moldanubian Zone. Titanite is characterized by coupled substitution (Al, Fe3+)+ (F, OH) - Ti + O, with a slight excess of (Al, Fe3+)-F component. Complex reaction rims of titanite around ilmenite occur in some cases. Ilmenites have FeTiO3 amounts usually above 96 mol.%, with some enrichment by MnTiO3 component (max. 8 mol.%). Magnetite has a negligible ulvöspinel component (max. 1 mol.%)., Miloš René., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this article we solve the non-standard situation that arose after publishing our paper "Crustal deformations in the epicentral area of the West Bohemia 2008 earthquake swarm in central Europe" (Schenk et al., 2012). Horálek and Fischer wrote a statement regarding our publication, sent it to specialists interested in research in the West Bohemia swarm area, and questioned the reliability of the seismic data used in our work. Since the statement regarding the reliability of our work was not directly sent to us we are using this journal to return to professional discussion regarding our results. In this paper we review scientific arguments made in their statement and provide review of various studies on West Bohemia tectonics and related seismicity., Vladimír Schenk and Zdeňka Schenková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A study of displacements relating to geodynamical processes involves a use of accurate measurement equipment. Better and better accuracy of field surveys neglecting a survey environment can be insufficient in a reliable study. One of the environmental aspects is discussed in the paper. That is a geotechnical condition of a ground - an environment of benchmarks, which changes of position are observed in geodetic surveys. The conditions determine a ground stability affected by weather or geological processes. The main idea of the paper is to consider geotechnical and geological aspects in geodetic reasoning carried on the base of displacement analysis within a study of geodynamics. There are presented examples illustrating the problem. The first relates to former levelling observations carried in an area of Wieliczka, well geologically surveyed due to mining activity in a salt deposit. There are presented results obtained on the base of a numerical analysis. The seasonal variations of benchmarks’ heights are explained in a background of geology. The changes of ground properties induced by atmospheric conditions are suggested as the main cause of the displacements. The survey data processing provided values of displacements caused by seasonally expanding grounds. The second examples concerns ongoing observations in the area of Inowroclaw (located above the salt dome) bring similar variations of heights that can not be related to that cause. The estimated linear trend of height changes proves an uplift process of the salt dome. Derived conclusions suggest a certain methodology helpful in reliable analysis of geodetic surveys. The conclusions prove that geodetic surveys carried out for investigations of displacements in geodynamics require quite extensive geological data., Zbigniew Szczerbowski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The harmonic oscillations of water level changes with several hundred nanometers amplitudes and 10-3 [Hz] frequencies are irregularly observed with the water-tube tiltmeter. The effects are observed only by one of four gauges - the one closest to the entrance to underground. The other three gauges of water-tube tiltmeters are situated at the ends of the corridors and are significantly more distant from the entrance to the underground. The atmospheric pressure signals affect level of water in the instrument by inverse barometric effect. The water-tube tiltmeters can register water level variations associated with inverse barometric effects, which were produced by air pressure signals until 10-5 [Pa] magnitude. The amplitude of harmonic oscillations of water level is significantly large and amounts to 1/10 of tidal amplitude, that is 300 to 500 nanometers, which corresponds to 5 x 10-3 [Pa] of air pressure variations. Harmonic oscillations appear irregularly and their time of duration changes from few days until several weeks. The length of atmospheric wave of 10-3 [Hz] frequencies is of 1000 [km] and cannot be explained by any phenomenon from the outside surroundings or the inside of the underground. Resonance frequencies of air column in the hundred meters long underground corridors are of the order of single Hz. Absence of similar signals in measurements from the other three gauges suggests that the harmonic signals are not propagated through the Earth’s solid body but through the atmospheric medium. The observed micro-vibrations of air pressure are very low infrasounds which can be produced in large dimension space of thousand kilometers size. The open question is what is the origin of micro-vibrations registered by the water-tube tiltmeter., Marek Kaczorowski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Modern methods of monitoring landslides are based on observations of both: direct surveying (GNSS, electronic tachymetry, geometric levelling) and remote sensing (terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, laser scanning, interferometry), as well as surface and subsurface geotechnical observations (e.g. inclinometers, extensometers, piezometers, etc.). Due to the high cost of installation of these devices and its measurement, the implementations of these methods are usually used on well-define d objects, with established landslide activity and high risk to people’s lives. The main objective of the project was to design, create and do practical tests of simple and inexpensive measurement devices, which detect first symptoms of a potential landslide movements and alert of an existing threat. These devices would be some kind of an early warning system that would register the occurrence of the first movements of the surface layers of soil, which would be a signal to start of geodetic and geotechnical monitoring of potential landslides., Bartłomiej Ćmielewski, Bernard Kontny and Kazimierz Ćmielewski., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy