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432. Paovce hřivnatá - příběh s dobrým koncem

Creator:
Miloš Anděra and Václavová, Lenka
Format:
print
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, ovce, 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article summarizes available data on the free-living population of the Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia) in the Plzeň District in the 1970s to 1990s. This population originated through repeated escapes of the Barbary Sheep from the Plzeň Zoo (1972–87). The Barbary Sheep appeared to be viable in the wild, and its free-living population ceased to exist not before 1994. Additionally, a short review of the Barbary Sheep stock in Czech zoos is presented (1985–2011). and Miloš Anděra, Lenka Václavová.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

433. Parasitism and migration in southern Palaearctic populations of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Creator:
Stefanescu, Constanti, R. R. (Richard Robinson) Askew, Corbera, Jordi, and Shaw, Mark R.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, population dynamics, seasonal migration, enemy-free space, primary parasitoids, Cotesia vanessae, secondary parasitoids, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
he painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) is well known for its seasonal long-distance migrations and for its dramatic population fluctuations between years. Although parasitism has occasionally been noted as an important mortality factor for this butterfly, no comprehensive study has quantified and compared its parasitoid complexes in different geographical areas or seasons. In 2009, a year when this butterfly was extraordinarily abundant in the western Palaearctic, we assessed the spatial and temporal variation in larval parasitism in central Morocco (late winter and autumn) and north-east Spain (spring and late summer). The primary parasitoids in the complexes comprised a few relatively specialized koinobionts that are a regular and important mortality factor in the host populations. However, there was a strong seasonal variation in the level of parasitism. In Spain percentage parasitism was more than four times higher in late summer than in spring (77.3% vs. 18%), while in Morocco it was five times higher by the end of winter than in the autumn (66.2% vs. 13.2%). In both regions the build up of parasitoid populations occurred after V. cardui had bred in the same general area over successive generations, and this may represent a selective force favouring seasonal migration to enemy-free space., Constanti Stefanescu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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434. Parasitylenchus sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Allantonematidae) parasitizing field populations of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Creator:
Harding, Susanne, Poinar, George, Dimitrova, Desislava V., and Steenberg, Tove
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, Coccinellidae, Harmonia axyridis, parasitic nematodes, Allantonematidae, Parasitylenchus sp., field parasitism, invasive species, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Adults of the invasive harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were found to be parasitized by nematodes (Tylenchomorpha: Allantonematidae) in Denmark. The nematodes were identified as Parasitylenchus sp. Major morphological characters of the nematodes did not differ significantly from Parasitylenchus coccinellinae Iperti & van Waerebeke 1968, but minor deviations in egg dimension and tail length were measured. Parasitism was only recorded in early autumn, with prevalence ranging from 2 to 33%. Adult and juvenile nematodes occurred together in the body cavity of both female and male H. axyridis. and Susanne Harding, George O. Poinar, Desislava V. Dimitrova, Tove Steenberg.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

435. Parazitické hlístice hmyzu

Creator:
Nermuť, Jiří and Vladimír Půža
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, hmyz, bezobratlí, parazitologie, insects, invertebrates, parasitology, 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Entomofilní hlístice, tedy hlístice žijící v asociaci s nějakým druhem hmyzu, můžeme jednoduše rozdělit na foretické, entomopatogenní a entomoparazitické. Tzv. foretické druhy využívají hmyz jako vektor, který je přenáší do nového prostředí, a pro své nositele jsou v drtivé většině případů neškodné. Opakem jsou entomopatogenní hlístice, tj. hlístovky, které žijí v symbióze s bakteriemi zodpovědnými za usmrcení hmyzího hostitele (odtud entomopatogenní) a zároveň pak slouží hlísticím jako potrava. Za entomoparazitické druhy považujeme ostatní entomofilní hlístice, které parazitují v těle hmyzu, ale nejsou obligátně vybaveny bakterií patogenní pro hmyz. Nejrůznější zástupce entomoparazitických hlístic můžeme najít v celkem asi 24 čeledích. Obligátně parazitické druhy se vyskytují v čeledích Mermithidae, Tetradonematidae, Syrphonematidae, Carabonematidae, Oxyuridae, Thelastomatidae, Sphaerulariidae, Allantonematidae a Fergusobiidae. Právě těmto poněkud opomíjeným hlísticím se článek věnuje. Zaměřuje se především na ty druhy, které se vyskytují na území České republiky. Kromě základních údajů o jednotlivých skupinách a obecných informací o ekologii hlístic si všímá i jejich praktického významu, tedy skutečnosti, jak ovlivňují populace různého člověku škodlivého hmyzu a jak jich můžeme využít., This group of parasitic nematodes consists of approximately 24 families, although obligate parasites can be found in eight of them. Some of these enigmatic nematodes adopted amazing life strategies and serve as bioagents to control populations of mosquitoes or woodwasps. In this article we review the biology, ecology and distribution of these organisms and depict their current use in biological control., and Jiří Nermuť, Vladimír Půža.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

436. Partial consumption of different species of aphid prey by the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Creator:
Lykouressis, Dionyssios, Perdikis, Dionyssios, and Mandarakas, Ioannis
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, ploštice, klopuškovití, mšicosaví, mšicovití, Heteroptera, Miridae, Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae, Macrolophus pygmaeus, Aphis gossypii, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Myzus persicae, predation, biological control, superfluous killing, wasteful killing, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The partial consumption of prey refers to when a predator does not consume all the digestible biomass of an animal it has killed. The frequency of partial consumption of prey by the polyphagous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) was recorded for different species of prey and prey population structures, in single and mixed prey species patches. All the instars of the aphid, Aphis gossypii, were provided as prey alone or together with Myzus persicae or Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Numbers killed were determined when equal (10 nymphs of each instar, 40 in total) or unequal numbers (higher numbers of young nymphs but again 40 in total) of nymphs were placed on an eggplant leaf in a plastic Petri dish. In each dish a single 5th instar nymph of the predator was introduced and the numbers killed and numbers of partially consumed aphids were recorded after 24h, at 25 ± 1°C. The numbers of A. gossypii killed were higher than those of the other species of prey used. The frequency of partially consumed prey was highest when A. gossypii was offered alone in equal numbers of each instar, followed by when A. gossypii was provided together with M. persicae in unequal numbers of instars (23.6% and 11.2%, of the total mortality, respectively). Killed but not consumed prey was also recorded, at frequencies that reached 10.7% of the total mortality when A. gossypii was provided alone in equal numbers of each instar. For M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, these percentages were significantly lower. The higher frequency of this behaviour when A. gossypii was the prey may be related to its lower nutritional quality for the predator. The effect of prey instar was not significant. These results indicate that in determining the numbers killed by a predator, partially consumed prey may make up a significant part of the total kill and thus should be taken into consideration., Dionyssios Lykouressis, Dionyssios Perdikis, Ioannis Mandarakas., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

437. Pásemnička sladkovodní v České republice

Creator:
Jan Špaček
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, hmyz, bezobratlí, insects, invertebrates, 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Pásemnička sladkovodní (Prostoma graecence) je málo známý, ale běžný vodní živočich. Žije na kamenech a vodních rostlinách v tekoucích i stojatých vodách, především v nižších polohách. Živí se drobnými planktonními a bentickými organismy. Na hlavě má 6 očních skvrn (mladší jedinci 4). Loví pomocí chobotku (proboscis), který obsahuje centrální trn s jedovou žlázou a po stranách 2 - 5 přídatných trnů. Tento orgán je typický pro pásnice (Nemertea)., The ribbon worm Prostoma graecense (Nemertea) is a little known but common water animal. It occurs on stones and plants in running and standing waters, mostly in the lowlands. It is a carnivore feeding on tiny planktonic and benthic animals. P. graecense has 6 black eyespots (young specimens have four) on the top of its head. The eversible proboscis is armed with one central stylet with a poison gland and paired pouches each containing two to five accessory stylets. The proboscis is a typical apparatus of ribbon worms, used for hunting., Jan Špaček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

438. Past and present distribution of the cryptic species Leptidea sinapis and L. reali (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Poland and its implications for the conservation of these butterflies

Creator:
Konrad Sachanowicz, Wower, Agnieszka, and Jarosław Buszko
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, Evropa střední, Europe, Central, Leptidea, distribution, range changes, expansion, habitat preferences, conservation status, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Using a large sample of museum and newly collected specimens of the cryptic butterfly species Leptidea sinapis and L. reali, identified/confirmed based on genital characters, the patterns in their geographical distributions, historical changes in range and briefly also their habitat associations in Poland, were investigated. Leptidea sinapis occurs mainly in the lowland and upland parts of the country and is rarer than L. reali, which is widespread throughout Poland, including the mountains. In the first half of the 20th century, the range of L. sinapis included the whole of Poland, whereas currently it is confined to eastern and southern regions. Historical records of the distribution of L. reali are concentrated in southern and central Poland. Currently it is recorded from localities throughout Poland. Leptidea reali is recorded most frequently in meadows and shows no clear preference for a particular level of humidity, while L. sinapis is found mainly in woodland and xerothermic habitats. The two species are syntopic within the present range of L. sinapis, which is now a declining and local species, whereas L. reali is now common and widespread. and Konrad Sachanowicz, Agnieszka Wower, Jaroslaw Buszko.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

439. Patterns in diurnal co-occurrence in an assemblage of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Creator:
D´Amen, Manuela, Birtele, Daniele, Zappponi, Livia, and Hardersen, Sönke
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, temporal structure, interspecific relations, null models, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
In this study we analyzed the inter-specific relationships in assemblages of syrphids at a site in northern Italy in order to determine whether there are patterns in diurnal co-occurrence. We adopted a null model approach and calculated two co-occurrence metrics, the C-score and variance ratio (V-ratio), both for the total catch and of the morning (8:00–13:00) and afternoon (13:00–18:00) catches separately, and for males and females. We recorded discordant species richness, abundance and co-occurrence patterns in the samples collected. Higher species richness and abundance were recorded in the morning, when the assemblage had an aggregated structure, which agrees with previous findings on communities of invertebrate primary consumers. A segregated pattern of co-occurrence was recorded in the afternoon, when fewer species and individuals were collected. The pattern recorded is likely to be caused by a number of factors, such as a greater availability of food in the morning, prevalence of hot and dry conditions in the early afternoon, which are unfavourable for hoverflies, and possibly competition with other pollinators. Our results indicate that restricting community studies to a particular time of day will result in certain species and/or species interactions not being recorded., Manuela D´Amen ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

440. Patterns in the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in cities across Central Europe

Creator:
Willigalla, Christoph and Fartmann, Thomas
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, donata, climate change, environmental gradient, species richness, temperature, urbanisation, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_Urbanisation is an important cause of species extinctions. Although urban water systems are also highly modified, studies on aquatic or semi-aquatic organisms are rare. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that determine species richness of Odonata in 22 Central European cities and along an urban-rural gradient within six of them. With 64 indigenous species in total and an average of 33 species per city, the species richness of Odonata in Central European cities is comparatively high. A generalised linear model indicates that species richness is positively related to city area. Additional predictors are climatic variables (temperature amplitude, sunshine duration and July temperature) and the year last studied. Since most cities are usually located in areas with naturally high habitat heterogeneity, we assume that cities should be naturally rich in dragonflies. The role of city area as a surrogate for habitat and structural richness most likely explains why it is strongly associated with Odonata species richness. The relationship between species richness and the climatic variables probably reflects that Odonata species richness in Central Europe is limited by warm and sunny conditions more than by availability of water. The temporal effect (the year last studied) on species richness is likely to be a consequence of the recent increase in Mediterranean species associated with global warming. Urbanisation clearly has an adverse effect on the species diversity of Odonata. Species richness increases along a gradient from the centre of a city to the rural area and is significantly highest in rural areas. This pattern probably reflects a gradient of increasing habitat quality from the centre of cities to rural areas. Moreover, the number of water bodies is generally very low in the city centres., 2_Based on our results, we make recommendations for increasing the abundance and number of species of dragonflies in cities., Christoph Willigalla, Thomas Farmann., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public