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252. Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms
- Creator:
- Kristensen, Niels P.
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- article, bibliography, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- zoologie, hmyz, Endopterygota, Holometabola, fylogeneze, 595.2/.7, and 591.3
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The monophyly of the Endopterygota is supported primarily by the specialized larva without external wing buds and with degradable eyes, as well as by the quiescence of the last immature (pupal) stage; a specialized morphology of the latter is not an endopterygote groundplan trait. There is weak support for the basal endopterygote splitting event being between a Neuropterida + Coleoptera clade and a Mecopterida + Hymenoptera clade; a fully sclerotized sitophore plate in the adult is a newly recognized possible groundplan autapomorphy of the latter. The molecular evidence for a Strepsiptera + Diptera clade is differently interpreted by advocates of parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data, and the morphological evidence for the monophyly of this clade is ambiguous. The basal diversification patterns within the principal endopterygote clades (\"orders\") are succinctly reviewed. The truly species-rich clades are almost consistently quite subordinate. The identification of \"key innovations\" promoting evolutionary success (in terms of large species numbers) is fraught with difficulties., Niels P. Kristensen, and Lit
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
253. Phylogeny of quill mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata) based on their external morphology
- Creator:
- Skoracki, Maciej, Glowska, Eliza, and Bochkov, Andre V.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Acari, Prostigmata, Syringophilidae, quill mites, phylogeny, morphology, ectoparasites, birds, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- 1_External morphological characters were used to reconstruct a phylogeny of the mite family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Cheyletoidea), which are permanent parasites inhabiting the quills of bird feathers. A total of 53 syringophilid genera and 79 characters were included in the data matrix; maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analyses (BA) were performed to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The consensus of unweighted MP trees was weakly resolved. Only four generic groups were recognized: Aulonastus + Krantziaulonastus (i) and (Creagonycha + Kethleyana) + (Megasyringophilus + Selenonycha) (ii) – both with low Bremer support (BS 1); the subfamily Picobiinae – Picobia, Calamincola, Columbiphilus (Neopicobia + Rafapicobia) (BS 12) (iii) and Psittaciphilus generic group – (Meitingsunes + Psittaciphilus) (Peristerophila + (Neoperisterophila + (Castosyringophilus + Terratosyringophilus))) (BS 2) (iv). BA revealed a consensus tree with a topology similar to MP. The two main groups recognized by MP, the subfamily Picobiinae and Psittaciphilus, both received the highest support of 1; while two other groups recognized by MP – Aulonastus + Krantziaulonastus and (Creagonycha + Kethleyana) + (Megasyringophilus + Selenonycha) received relatively low support of 0.73–74 and 0.76–77, respectively., 2_The consensus of re-weighted MP trees was almost fully resolved but, the majority of the generic groups, excluding the Picobiinae and Psittaciphilus were supported by just a few non-unique synapomorphies with a high probability of homoplastic origin. The most intriguing result is the paraphyly of the Syringophilinae in respect to picobiines. The pattern of the re-weighted tree demonstrates only patches of parallel evolution at the level of syringophilid genera and bird orders. Perhaps horizontal shifts on phylogenetically distant hosts and colonization of quill (calamus) types other than primaries and secondaries were also important in the evolution of the syringophilids., Maciej Skoracki, Eliza Glowska, Andre V. Bochkov., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
254. Plumbagin and azadirachtin deplete hemolymph ecdysteroid levels and alter the activity profiles of two lysosomal enzymes in the fat body of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
- Creator:
- Josephrajkumar, Arulappan, Subrahmanyam, Bhattiprolu, and Srinivasan, S.
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- article, bibliography, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- zoologie, entomologie, hmyz, fyziologie hmyzu, motýli, Noctuidae, Helicoverpa armigera, metamorfóza, růstové regulátory, plumbagin, azadirachtin, účinky, ekdysteroid, kyselá fosfatáza, beta-galaktosidáza, morfologické abnormality, 591.1, and 595.2/.7
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The profile of hemolymph ecdysteroid was studied in the gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, during larval-pupal transformation. The changes closely correspond to the developmental events occurring at metamorphosis. Two insect growth regulators, plumbagin and azadirachtin, significantly depleted the content and altered the profile of ecdysteroids at crucial stages, when applied at ED50 doses. The activity profiles of two fat body lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and b-galactosidase, were also significantly affected by the insect growth regulators. It is suggested that plumbagin and azadirachtin treatments primarily modify the ecdysteroid titer, which in turn leads to changes in lysosomal enzyme activity causing overt morphological abnormalities during the metamorphic molt., Arulappan Josephrajkumar, Bhattiprolu Subrahmanyam, Srinivasan, and Lit
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
255. Pollination of Sedirea japonica (Orchidaceae) by Bombus diversus diversus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
- Creator:
- Suetsugu, Kenji and Tanaka, Koji
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus, bumblebee, orchid, Sedirea japonica, pollinator, Xylocopa, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Pollination of Sedirea japonica (Orchidaceae) by Bombus diversus diversus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Kenji Suetsugu, KOji Tanaka., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
256. Polyphagous predatory rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) induce winged morphs in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
- Creator:
- Balog, Adalbert, Mehrparvar, Mohsen, and Weisser, Woflgang W.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Staphylinidae, Drusilla canaliculata, Tachyporus hypnorum, Aphididae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, aphid polyphenism, predator-prey interaction, rove beetles, maternal effects, induced defence, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A number of aphid species have been shown to produce winged dispersal morphs in the presence of natural enemies. Previous studies tested specialized aphid predators such as ladybirds or lacewing larvae. We confronted colonies of pea aphids with the polyphagous rove beetles, Drusilla canaliculata and Tachyporus hypnorum. For both predators we found that the percentage of winged morphs increased in predator-attacked pea aphid colonies compared to a control. The behaviour of the two rove beetles species was noticeably different. D. canaliculata mostly foraged on the ground and rarely on the plant, while T. hypnorum was almost exclusively observed on the plants, causing a higher number of aphids to drop to the ground, which resulted in a stronger increase in winged morph production. Our results clearly show that not only monophagous aphid predators but also more polyphagous insect predators, which include aphids in their diet, can induce aphids to produce winged morphs., Adalbert Balog, Mohsen Mehrparvar, Wolfgang W. Weisser., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
257. Polyploidie u ryb
- Creator:
- Martin Flajšhans and Petr Ráb
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, ryby, obojživelníci, plazi, molekulární biologie, virologie, imunologie, fyziologie, genetika, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, molecular biology, virology, immunology, physiology, genetics, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Polyploidie je důležitým evolučním mechanismem přispívajícím k biodiverzitě současných ryb a také významným nástrojem v akvakultuře. Tento článek podává přehled o mechanismech vzniku polyploidie a o kauzálním vztahu mezi hybridizačními událostmi a zvýšením stupně ploidie. Uvádí rovněž příklady využití specifických vlastností polyploidů v akvakultuře., Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism contributing to the biodiversity of extant fishes, and it also represents a notable tool in aquaculture. This paper reviews the mechanisms by means of which polyploidy arises and the causal relationship between hybridisation events and elevation of the ploidy level. Utilization of specific traits of polyploids in aquaculture is also discussed., Martin Flajšhans, Petr Ráb., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
258. Population structures of three Calliptamus spp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) across the Western Mediterranean Basin
- Creator:
- Lecoq, Michel, Sword, Gregory A., Pages, Christine, Bondin, Laurence, Billot, Claire, Rivallan, Ronan, Foucart, Antoine, Vassal, Jean-Michel, Risterucci, Ange-Marie, and Chapuis, Marie-Pierre
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Orthoptera, Acrididae, Calliptamus, population genetic, microsatellite, closely related species, potential pests, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We conducted a comparative population genetic analysis of levels of genetic variation and its geographical structuring in three closely related species of grasshopper that co-occur in the Mediterranean Basin: Calliptamus italicus, C. barbarus and C. wattenwylianus. In the western part of their distributions 5 populations of C. italicus, 13 of C. barbarus and 10 of C. wattenwylianus were sampled. Bootstrap re-sampling of populations and microsatellite loci within each species indicated a lower level of genetic diversity and higher level of genetic differentiation in C. barbarus, which is less of an outbreak pest species than either of the other Calliptamus species studied. This may be due to lower effective sizes of non-outbreak populations and/or lower gene flow among them., Elodie Blanchet ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
259. Pozitivní zpětná vazba podporuje invazi vodní bezkořenné rostliny bublinatky nadmuté
- Creator:
- Lubomír Adamec
- Type:
- article, zprávy, reports, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, vodní rostliny, hydrobotanika, ekologie, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Lubomír Adamec.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
260. Pre- and post-parturial aspects of scorpion reproduction: a review
- Creator:
- Warburg, Michael R.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Scorpiones, fertilization, insemination, gestation, parturition, birth, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Although scorpions are an ancient group their method of reproduction is rather complex and poorly studied. This review aims at clarifying some of the aspects of their reproduction that are important for understanding the reproductive ecology of other arthropods, including insects. The following aspects of scorpion reproduction are discussed and reviewed: mating, insemination, fertilization, gestation, parturition and birth. The onset of gestation and its duration are difficult to determine as both depend on the time of fertilization, for which there are no accurate estimates. There are only a few records of the time between birth and emergence of a larva from the maternal envelope in apoikogenic scorpions, which is important for a better understanding of ovoviviparity. All these questions are important as the answers will greatly enhance our understanding of the population ecology of scorpions in terms of the recruitment rates of cohorts and their chances of survival., Michael R. Warburg., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public