a1_Původní verze tohoto článku vyšla pod názvem ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung’ auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat'' ve sborníku pod redakcí Petera Hallamy a Stephana Stacha Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig, Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, s. 237-260). Autor analyzuje reflexi holokaustu v literatuře českého disentu vydávané samizdatem v sedmdesátých a osmdesátých letech minulého století. Zaměřuje se především na historické práce, sleduje ale i publicistické příspěvky, memoárová a beletristická díla stejně jako překladové publikace. Konkrétně se článek soustředí na dva aspekty, které dobře ukazují, jak obtížné bylo - a stále ještě je - plně integrovat holokaust do českých národních dějin. Zaprvé, holokaust byl v disentu často pojímán jako důkaz nehumánní povahy totalitních režimů. Avšak tento výklad vedl k tomu, že pronásledování Židů (nacistickým režimem) se ocitalo na stejné úrovni jako perzekuce Čechů (nacistickým, ale i komunistickým režimem). Zadruhé, pokud docházelo k přehodnocování nebo zpochybňování české národní metanarace, témata jako domácí antisemitismus nebo holokaust bývala v těchto případech ignorována., a2_Disidenti připouštěli, že otázka viny (Schuldfrage) se sice týká i Československa, avšak vztahovali ji na vyhnání německé menšiny po druhé světové válce. Naopak téma holokaustu mezi disidenty žádnou podobnou debatu nevyvolalo. Chování Čechů během druhé světové války, postoj k Židům a domácí antisemitismus tak nebyly vůbec zpochybňovány. Z tohoto důvodu byl podle autora holokaust v pracích věnovaných českým dějinám dvacátého století spíše přehlížen, nebo v lepším případě jen sporadicky zmiňován, ať již tyto texty vycházely oficiálně, nebo samizdatem., This is a Czech translation of ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung'' auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat" which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds.), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäichen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237-60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissent literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretations, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning to the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrats, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history - whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat., Peter Hallama ; Z němčiny přeložil Petr Dvořáček., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The study deals with political activities of the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia after the intervention on August 21, 1968, and its sympathizers from the ranks of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The authoress examines the topic in the early stage of the so-called normalization (until the spring of 1970), focusing on the local level; however, she sets her research into a broader period context and derives general conclusions from its results. Although the offi cial agreement on the temporary stay of Soviet troops in the territory of Czechoslovakia declared that the Soviet Army should not interfere with domestic affairs of the Czechoslovak state, the Soviet leadership kept devising plans how to make use of the presence of Soviet troops for political purposes. Soviet offi cers participated in the dissemination of Soviet propaganda, established contacts with local anti-reform party offi cials, spoke at their forums, complained about hostile attitudes of Czechoslovak political bodies, and thus kept pressing for a legitimization of the political arrangements. The authoress shows that local pro-Soviet activists, who had maintained contacts with the Soviet Army from the very beginning and been taking over its political agenda, were playing a crucial role in the success of these efforts. In line with Soviet intentions, they were implementing the normalization process ''from below'',initiating purges in various organs, demanding the dismissal of offi cials protesting against presence of the Soviet Army, participating in the subsequent political vetting. They were actively pushing through a change of the offi cial approach to the Soviet Army and helped break its boycott by the Czechoslovak society, which had initially been almost unanimous. In doing so, they were making use of their personal contacts to organize manifestation ''friendship'' meetings and visits of Soviet soldiers to Czechoslovak schools and factories. The authoress analyzes the reasons of the attitude of these activists, most of whom came from the ranks of ''old'' (pre-war) and ''distinguished'' members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and illustrates the development outlined above by specifi c examples. By way of conclusion, she notes that, although different forms of the CzechoslovakSoviet ''friendship'' since 1968 are often viewed as mere formalistic acts without any deeper meaning at the level of ''lived'' experience, they were, from the viewpoint of the Soviet policy, well thought-out and centrally planned propagandistic activities which contributed to the promotion of the Soviet interpretation of the Prague Spring and the Soviet invasion and discredited its opponents. and Přeložila Blanka Medková
Autor v těchto prvních dějinách české a slovenské sociologie v období od jejích počátků do roku 1948 podle recenzenta výtečně kombinuje historický nadhled, archivní bádání a mimořádnou píli se sociologickým porozuměním. Za její podstatné klady považuje čtivé podání a maximálně možnou objektivitu, ale také faktografické bohatství a spolehlivost. Zároveň se recenzent zamýšlí nad smyslem psaní dějin české sociologie jako společenské vědy, která znamenala ve světovém měřítku v zásadě jen minimální přínos. and [autor recenze] Miloslav Petrusek.
Dodatky k Příručnímu slovníku jazyka českého, které nebyly nikdy knižně vydány, se v roce 2011 (55 let od vydání posledního dílu PSJČ) dočkaly svého zveřejnění. Rukopis byl vyhledán v Archivu AV ČR, odkud se nakrátko vrátil zpátky do Ústavu pro jazyk český, a byl převeden do elektronické podoby. Do rukopisu, který se nachází ve formě jednotlivých lístků s heslovými slovy, nebylo přitom nijak obsahově zasahováno, a tak se zájemci mohou na stránkách ÚJČ AV ČR, v. v. i. (http://bara.ujc.cas.cz/bara/) seznámit s původní nedokončenou podobou Dodatků. Dodatky (ostatně jako celý PSJČ) se materiálově opíraly o lístkový lexikální archiv ÚJČ, zvláště o jeho druhou vrstvu, z níž vycházel i první normativní slovník češtiny Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Četné shody s heslářem SSJČ byly jedním hlavních důvodů, proč Dodatky nakonec nikdy nevyšly. Jejich existence je nicméně významná zejména tím, že věrně ilustrují podobu českého lexika druhé poloviny čtyřicátých a takřka celých padesátých let, včetně mnohých neologismů, jež se do SSJČ pro svou krátkou životnost nedostaly a které (z lingvistického hlediska) dotvářejí komplexní obraz celospolečenských změn v Československu té doby., Addenda to Příruční slovník jazyka českého (''Desk Dictionary of the Czech Language'') that had never been printed were published in 2011, 55 years after the issue of the last volume of the Dictionary. The manuscript was found in the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and was temporarily transferred back to Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR (Institute for the Czech Language ASCR) to be converted into digital form. No modifications at all were made to the manuscript, consisting of cards with headwords, and the public may use the original incomplete work of the Addenda at the website of the Institute for the Czech Language at http://bara.ujc.cas.cz/bara/. The Addenda, just like the entire Dictionary, were based on the lexical archive of the Institute in the form of cards, especially the second layer on which the standardising Czech dictionary, Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (Dictionary of the Standardised Czech Language), was based. Numerous conformities with the headword base of the Standardised Language dictionary were one of the main reasons the Addenda were never published. However, their existence is important especially because they are a credible description of the Czech lexicon of the latter half of the 1940’s and almost the whole of the 1950’s, including many neologisms which were not included in the Standardised Language dictionary as they were only in use for a short time and which, from the linguistic point of view, help to provide a comprehensive picture of the major social changes under way in Czechoslovakia at that time.(Translated by Hynek Zlatník.), and Překlad resumé: Hynek Zlatník
As has often been observed in the literature, an utterance of a generic such as ‘Boys don’t cry’ can convey a normative behavioral rule that applies to boys, roughly: that boys shouldn’t cry. This observation has led many authors to the claim that generics are ambiguous: they allow both for a descriptive as well as a normative reading. The present paper argues against this common assumption: it argues that the observation in question should be addressed at the level of pragmatics, rather than at the level of semantics. In particular, the paper argues that the normative force of utterances of generics results from the presence of a conversational implicature. This result should somewhat alleviate the task of finding a proper semantic analysis of generics since it shows that at least one of their intriguing features need not be reflected in their truth-conditions.
Homeownership has been in decline in a number of developed societies since the early 2000s driven, primarily, by declining entry among younger households who have been increasingly pushed into the rental sector. This trend has been associated with a growing intergenerational divide, or even conflict, and the emergence of ‘Generation Rent’. This paper explores the conditions surrounding diminishing access to owner-occupation among new households with a focus on the historic maturation of homeownership sectors, the restructuring of the political economy (financialization) around housing wealth and the inter-cohort dynamics surrounding the accumulation and transfer of housing wealth. The paper takes an international perspective drawing on evidence from two parallel, but contrasting cases: Japan and the UK. The analysis illustrates the interrelatedness of interand intra-generational inequalities, with the former reinforcing the latter. It also focuses on the role of families as both a moderator of generational inequity at the micro level as well as an enhancer of socioeconomic inequalities overall.
The residualisation of social housing sectors requires housing managers to intensify social management activities aimed at promoting tenants’ wellbeing and social cohesion. This paper discusses the implementation of such activities in the Italian public housing sector. It juxtaposes the vision conceptualised at the policy level with the daily activities of housing managers in practice on the ground and highlights the gaps between policy goals and realities of tenants’ involvement. While social management activities are expected to contribute to breaking the vicious circle of financial, technical, and social decline that has long affected public housing estates, the short timeframe of the planned interventions raises the question of the potential for structural change.
This article explores the trajectory of so-called guaranteed social housing in the Czech Republic as an example of penetrating financial instruments into the public policy realm. The project, promoted by the government’s Agency for Social Inclusion, was intended to encourage private landlords to rent their properties to people in need through commercial insurance against the risk of rent defaults. Using policy documents, media and interviews with governmental officers, the article describes the performative strength of financial instruments in the sphere traditionally occupied by the welfare state. In financialisation literature, the proliferation of financial instruments is often described as a one-way process in which these instruments colonise public domains. However, the empirical case discussed in the article shows that this process is much more complex and contingent, and financial instruments are not used as the best option but rather as a last resort in a situation marked by weak policies.