The adhesive material used to bond orthodontic brackets to teeth should neither fail during the treatment period, resulting in treatment delays, untoward expenses or patient inconvenience nor should it damage the enamel on debonding at the end of the treatment. Although the effectiveness of a bonding system and any unfavorable effects on the enamel may be studied by conducting in-vivo studies, it is nearly impossible to independently analyze different variables that influence a specific bonding system in the oral environment. In-vitro studies, on the other hand, may utilize more standardized protocols for testing different bonding systems and materials available. Thus, the present review focused attention on in-vitro studies and made an attempt to discuss material-related, teeth-related (fluorotic vs non-fluorotic teeth) and other miscellaneous factors that influences the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Within the limitations of this review, using conventional acid-etch technique, ceramic brackets and bonding to non-fluorotic teeth was reported to have a positive influence on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets, but higher shear bond strength found on using ceramic brackets can be dangerous for the enamel. and W. Bakhadher, H. Halawany, N. Talic, N. Abraham, V. Jacob
Předkládáme popis případu nemocného s familiární formou amyloidové polyneuropatie. Mladý nemocný s postupně progredujícími projevy léze periferních nervů byl zprvu diagnostikován a léčen pro chronickou zánětlivou demyelinizační polyneuropatii. Pro následné komplikace bylo provedeno endoskopické vyšetření zažívacího traktu s bioptickým průkazem amyloidových depozit. Následné komplexní vyšetření potvrdilo hereditární formu transtyretinové amyloidové polyneuropatie na podkladě raritní mutace v genu pro transtyretin na pozici Val50Ala. Anamnesticky, matka nemocného byla léčena pro amyloidózu s neuropatickými projevy. Léčba pacienta preparátem tafamidis meglumine vedla k zabránění další progrese onemocnění a následně byla provedena ortotopní transplantace jater. V současnosti dochází ke klinickému zlepšování stavu nemocného s postupnou regresí motorických a senzitivních neuropatických projevů., We present a case of a patient with familial amyloid polyneuropathy. A young patient with gradually progressing symptoms of peripheral neuropathy was initially diagnosed and treated for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Subsequent complications resulted in endoscopic examination of the digestive tract. Biopsy showed evidence of amyloid deposits. Subsequent comprehensive examination confirmed hereditary form of amyloid polyneuropathy on the basis of a rare mutation in the transthyretin gene in Val50Ala position. Family history revealed that the mother of the patient was treated for amyloidosis with neuropathic symptoms. Treatment with tafamidis meglumine prevented further disease progression, and was followed by orthotopic liver transplantation. At present, clinical condition of the patient gradually improves with regression of motor and sensory neuropathic symptoms. Key words: familial amyloid polyneuropathy – transthyretin – tafamidis meglumine The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and T. Pika, P. Látalová, H. Hůlková, H. Vlášková, P. Otruba, V. Mejzlík, V. Ščudla