The article researches recent violent events in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in north-western People's Republic of China. After briefly positioning the Xinjiang problem within modern Chinese geopolitical statecraft and summarizing the sixty years of Communist Party's administration of the region, the article examines and challenges the Chinese authorities' argument that all violence in prosperous and stable Xinjiang is perpetrated by Uyghur separatists, extremists and terrorists linked to international networks. The article also argues that it is equally hardly possible to view the Xinjiang violence exclusively as Uyghur national liberation struggle, and instead claims that the current situation is a complex phenomenon stemming from the failure of state's policies and strategies vis-à-vis Xinjiang. Due to the region's rising importance for China, the unsolved Xinjiang problem thus poses a pressing dilemma for the new Xi Jinping administration. Primary sources of the research are official Chinese documents, foreign media reports and Uyghur exile sources., Ondřej Klimeš., and Obsahuje bibliografii